사이버 기술의 발전과 무력충돌 시 민간인 보호
Advances in Cyber Technology and the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
정보통신기술과 디지털 신기술로 대표되는 사이버 기술의 발전은 일상생활과 인도주의 활동에 혁신적 영향을 미쳤지만, 다른 한편으로 전쟁수행 양상에도 변화를 초래하여 민간인과 민간기반시설, 특히 의료부문과 인도주의 활동에 위험을 초래하고 있다. 사이버작전으로부터 민간인과 민간기반시설을 보호하기 위해서는 국가적 차원에서 공세적 억제전략을 수립하고, 그 실효성 강화를 위해 사이버작전의 행위귀속 능력을 강화하며, 디지털 표장 도입 논의의 발전적 수용을 통해 의료부문과 인도주의 단체의 취약성을 개선할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
Advances in cyber technologies, represented by information and communication technologies and emerging digital innovations, have had a revolutionary impact on daily life and humanitarian activities. However, they have also transformed the nature of warfare, posing significant risks to civilians and civilian infrastructure, particularly in the health sector and humanitarian operations. To safeguard civilians and critical infrastructure from cyber operations, it is essential to establish national-level deterrence strategies, improve the attribution of cyber operations to increase accountability, and reduce the vulnerability of the healthcare sector and humanitarian organizations through the adaptive implementation of digital emblems.
참고문헌 (76)
- 국가사이버안보전략, "국가안보실", 국가안보실, ~ (2024)
- 기세찬, "사이버 억제에 관한 연구", 국방연구, 65(3) (2022)
- 박노형, "국제사이버법상 상당한 주의 의무에 관한 국가실행", 국제법학회논총, 66(4) (2021)
- 박일송, "하이브리드 전쟁(Hybrid War): 새로운 전쟁 양상?", 한국군사학논집, 71(3) (2015)
- 손한별, "사이버 억지의 요건과 고려사항: 누구로부터, 무엇을, 어떻게 억지할 것인가?", 한국군사학논집, 80(1) (2024)
- 송승종, ""러시아 하이브리드 전쟁의 이론과 실제", 한국군사학논집, 73(1) (2017)
- "Director-General ASD Speech to the Lowy Institute" (2019)[URL]
- Backers, Oliver, "Cognitive Warfare: The Russian Threat to Election Integrity in the Baltic States", Policy Analysis Exercise (2019)
- The 2006 Lebanon Campaign and the Future of Warfare: Implications for Army and Defense Policy, "Biddle, Stephen", Strategic Studies Institute, ~ (2006)
- Blake, Duncan, "Bloodless Weapons’? The Need to Conduct Legal Reviews of Certain Capabilities and the Implications of Defining Them as ‘Weapons’", Air Force Law Review, 66(1), pp.182~183 (2010)
- Bussolati, Nicolo, "Cyberwar: Law and Ethics for Virtual Conflicts" (2015), Oxford University Press
- Check Point Research Team, "The New Ransomware Threat: Triple Extortion" (2021), Check Point
- Claverie, Bernard, "Cognitive Warfare: The Future of Cognitive Dominance" (2022), NATO Collaboration Support Office
- Davis, John S., "Stateless Attribution: Toward International Accountability in Cyberspace" (2017), Rand
- "Cyber Operations during Armed Conflict: 7 Essential Law and Policy Questions" (2020)[URL]
- Fischerkeller, Michael P., "Deterrence is Not a Credible Strategy for Cyberspace", Orbis, 61(3), pp.386~ (2017)
- Fleming, Brian P., "The Hybrid Threat Concept: Contemporary War, Military Planning and the Advent of Unrestricted Operational Art", School of Advanced Military Studies Monograph (2011)
- Gazi, Theodora, "Humanitarian Aid in the Age of COVID-19 : A Review of Big Data Crisis Analytics and the General Data Protection Regulation", International Review of the Red Cross, 102(913), pp.93~94 (2021)
- Giegerich, Bastian., "Hybrid Warfare and the Changing Character of Conflict", Connections, 15(2), pp.65~72 (2016)
- "The Potential Human Cost of Cyber Operations: Starting the Conversation" (2018)[URL]
- "Thoughts on ‘Hybrid’ Conflict" (2009)[URL]
- Goel, Sanjay, "How Improved Attribution in Cyber Warfare Can Help De-Escaltate Cyber Arms Race", Connections Quarterly Journal, 19(1), pp.93~ (2020)
- "Hybrid Wars: Wat If the Battles of the Future Are Neither Conventional Nor Irregular, But a Combination of Both?" (2008)[URL]
- Greenberg, Lawrence T., "Information Warfare and International Law" (1998), National Defense University Press
- Hathaway, Oona A., "The Law of Cyber-Attack", California Law Review, 100(4), pp.842~ (2012)
- Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars, "Hoffman, Frank G.", Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, ~ (2007)
- Hoffmann, Alvina, "The Urbanization of Warfare : Historical Development and Contemporary Challenges for International Humanitarian Law", St Antony’s International Review, 12(2), pp.176~189 (2017)
- Hoorickx, Estelle, "Countering “Hybrid Threats”: Belgium and the Euro-Atlantic Strategy" (2017), Royal Higher Institute for Defence
- Hung, Tzu-Chieh, "How China’s Cognitive Warfare Works : A Frontline Perspective of Taiwan’s Anti-Disinformation Wars", Journal of Global Security Studies, 7(4), pp.3~ (2020)
- Hutchins, Todd Emerson., "Safeguarding Civilian Internet Access Durign Armed Conflict : Protecting Humanity’s Most Important Resource in War", The Columbia Science and Technologogy Law Review, 22(1), pp.176~177 (2021)
- International Humanitarian Law and the Challenges of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, "ICRC", ~ (2019)
- Avoiding Civilian Harm From Military Cyber Operations During Armed Conflicts, "ICRC.", ~ (2020)
- Harmful Information: Misinformation, Disinformation and Hate Speech in Armed Coflict and Other Situations of Violence, "ICRC.", ~ (2021)
- "Cyber Attack on ICRC: What We Know" (2022)[URL]
- Digitalizing the Red Cross, Red Crescent and Red Cristal Emblems:Benefits, Risks, and Possible Solutions, "ICRC.", ~ (2022)
- Jokisipila, Markku, "War, Virtual War and Society: The Challenge to Communities" (2008), Rodopi
- Joyner, Christopher C., "Information Warfare as International Coercion : Elements of a Legal Framework", European Journal of International Law, 12(5), pp.826~827 (2001)
- "Konw Your Enemy and Know Yourself: Attribution in the Cyber Domain" (2019)[URL]
- Kehler, C. Robert, "Rules of Engagement for Cyberspace Operations: A View From the USA", Journal of Cybersecurity, 3(1), pp.74~75 (2017)
- Krotofil, Marina, "Whither the Human in Armed Conflict? IHL Implications of New Technology in Warfare" (2020), International Institute of Humanitarian Law
- Lallie, Harjinder Singh, "Cyber Security in the Age of COVID-19 : A Timeline and Analysis of Cyber-Crime and Cyber-Attacks during the Pandemic", Computers & Security, 105 (2021)
- Lewis, Adrian R., "The American Culture of War: The History of U.S. Military Force From World War Ⅱ to Operation Iraqi Freedom" (2006), Routledge
- "Avoiding Civilian Harm during Military Cyber Operations: Six Key Takeaways" (2021)[URL]
- Manwaring, Max G., "The Complexity of Modern Asymmetric Warfare" (2012), University of Oklahoma Press
- "Cyber Disruption of Humanitarian Assistance" (2021)[URL]
- Mathkor, Darin Mansor, "Multirole of the Internet of Medical Things(IoMT)in Biomedical Systems for Managing Smart Healthcare Systems : An Overview of Current and Future Innovative Trends", Journal of Infection and Public Health, 17(4), pp.559~572 (2024)
- Mavropoulou, Elizabeth., "Targeting in the Cyber Domain : Legal Challenges Arising from the Application of the Principle of Distinction to Cyber Attacks", Journal of Law & Cyber Warfare, 4(2), pp.45~48 (2015)
- McCuen, John J., "Hybrid Wars", Military Review, 88(2), pp.108~ (2008)
- Micro, Trend, "Healthcare under Attack: What Happens to Stolen Medical Records?", ~ (2016)
- Milaninia, Nema., "Biases in Machine Learning Models and Big Data Analytics : The International Criminal and Humanitarian Law Implications", International Review of the Red Cross, 102(913), pp.199~200 (2020)
- Moulin, Thibault., "Waking Sleeping Beauty? Exploring the Challenges of Cyber-Deterrence by Punishment", Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 46(1), pp.45~85 (2023)
- "UK Response To Chair’S Initial ‘Pre-Draft’Of The Report Of The OEWG On Developments In The Field Of Information And Telecommunications In The Context Of International Security" (2020)[URL]
- Emerging Practices in Cybersecurity-Related Public-Private Partnerships and Collaboration in OSCE Participating States, "OSCE", ~ (2023)
- Perkovich, George, "Understanding Cyber Conflict: 14 Analogies" (2017), Georgetown University Press
- Poulsen, Kevin, "The Ruthless Hackers Behind Ransomware Attacks on U.S. Hospitals: ‘They Do Not Care’", The Wall Street Journal, ~ (2021)
- Rajeev, Samuel C., "Hybrid Warfare: The Changing Character of Conflict" (2018), Pentagon Press
- Rid, Thomas, "Attributing Cyber Attacks", Journal of Strategic Studies, 38(1, pp.2) (2015), 4~37
- Robbat, Michael J., "Resolving the Legal Issues Concerning the Use of Information Warfare in the International Forum : The Reach of the Existing Legal Framework, and the Creation of a New Paradigm", Boston University Journal of Science & Technology Law, 6 (2000)
- Rodenhäuser, Tilman, "Towards a ‘Digital Emblem’? FIve Questions on Law, Tech, and Policy", Humanitarian Law & Policy (2022)
- Saalman, Lora., "Little Grey Men : China and the Ukraine Crisis", Survival, 58(6), pp.145~ (2016)
- Sandoz, Yves, "Commentary on the Additional Protocols: of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949" (1987), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
- Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora, "Humanitarian Technology : A Critical Research Agenda", International Review of the Red Cross, 96(893), pp.219~242 (2014)
- Schaap, Arie J., "Cyber Warfare Operations : Development and Use Under International Law", Air Force Law Review, 64(1), pp.124~ (2009)
- "Digital Emblem for Humanitarian Law in Cyberspace" (2023)[URL]
- Simons, Greg, "Hybrid War and Cyber-Attacks : Creating Legal and Operational Dilemmas", Global Change, Peace & Security, 32(3) (2020)
- Snyder, Glenn H., "Deferrence and Defense: Toward a Theory of National Security" (1961), Princeton University Press
- Straub, Jeremy., "Mutual Assured Destruction in Information, Influence and Cyber Warfare : Comparing, Contrasting and Combining Relevant Scenarios", Technology in Society, 59 (2019)
- Sutherland, Iain, "The Geneva Conventions and Cyber Warfare : A Technical Approach", The RUSI Journal, 160(4) (2015)
- Information Warfare Arms Control : Risks and Costs, "Thom, Maxie C.", INSS, ~, pp.INSS Occassional Paper 63 (2006)
- "Director’s Speech at Cyber UK 2018" (2018)[URL]
- "Statement of General Paul M. Nakasone Commander United States Cyber Command Before the Senate Committee on Armed Services" (2019)[URL]
- "Breach Portal: Notice to the Secretary of HHS Breach of Unsecured Protected Health Information"[URL]
- Valeriano, Brandon, "Cyber Peace: Charting a Path Toward a Sustainable, Stable, and Secure Cyberspace" (2022), Cambridge University Press
- Williamson, Steven C., "From Fourth Generation Wafare to Hybrid War", Strategic Research Project, ~ (2009)
- Woltag, Johann-Christoph, "Cyber Warfare" (2015), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law
- Wither, James K., "Making Sense of Hybrid Warfare", Connections, 15(2), pp.73~87 (2016)
