닉슨독트린과 주한미군 철수: 개입 축소와 영향력 유지의 딜레마에서의 철수 결정
The Nixon Doctrine and Withdrawal of U.S. Troops from South Korea
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이 논문은 닉슨 행정부의 주한미군 철수정책을 통해 주한미군의 지속성과 감축 추세의 본질적인 이유에 대해 탐색해보았다. 주요 주장은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주둔의 지속성은 주로 미국의 패권전략과 동북아에서의 안정유지 전략의 맥락에서 설명될 수 있다. 둘째, 한국방위를 위해 과도한 규모의 지상군이 고착되어 있다는 인식과 분쟁에의 연루 우려가 지속적인 감축의 핵심 요인으로 작용하였다. 셋째, 동북아 지역에서의 주한미군의 안정자 역할을 위해 일정 규모의 지상군 주둔이 필요했다. 종합적으로 주한미군의 지속과 감축은 주한미군의 정치적, 군사적 역할이 뒷받침해온 미국의 패권전략의 맥락에서 이해할 수 있다.
Abstract
As the core of the US-ROK alliance, the US Forces in Korea (USFK) has been playing various military and political roles. Contrary to the importance of its role, the number of forces has been consistently reduced. This study aims to explore the root cause of this seemingly contradictory phenomenon through the case of Nixon Administration’s troop withdrawal policy from South Korea, which was an important test case of the Nixon Doctrine’s core tenet, “reducing military engagement while maintaining political influence.” With this aim, the study presents several findings and arguments. First, the longevity of the USFK can be explained primarily in the context of the U.S. hegemonic stability. Second, the U.S. excessive military commitments to the defense of South Korea and concerns about ‘entrapment’ in the war were important factors in the continued reduction. Third, a certain amount of military presence was necessary since the various political roles of the USFK are essential to maintaining stability in the region. In sum, the continuation and reduction of the USFK can be understood in the context of the hegemonic stability of the U.S. global and regional strategy, which has been supported by a combination of the political and military role of the USFK in Northeast Asia.
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