부주의 및 과잉행동 문제의 하위집단 형성에 미치는 아동 기질과 양육의 영향
The effects of temperament and parenting on attentional problems in elementary school children
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발달경로상 서로 다른 패턴을 보이는 부주의 및 과잉행동-충동성 문제의 하위집단이 존재한다는 선행 연구를 토대로 초등학교 저학년 학생들을 대상으로 부주의 및 과잉행동-충동성 문제의 하위 잠재집단을 탐색하고 이들 하위집단에 영향을 미치는 변인들이 무엇인지 기질(자극추구성, 인내력, 사회적 민감성) 및 양육행동(온정적, 적대적, 방치적 양육행동)을 중심으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 아동의 부주의 및 과잉행동-충동성 문제는 5개월 간격으로 총 3회 측정되었으며 양육행동과 아동 기질의 측정은 1회에만 실시되었다. 3차례의 설문 시기에 모두 참석한 아동은 515명(남자 276명, 여자 239명)이었다. 동시대 집단 시계열 설계, 일반성장혼합모형을 사용하여 하위집단을 탐색하였으며 다항 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 하위집단 형성에 영향을 미치는 변인의 영향력을 살펴보았다. 본 연구 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부주의 및 과잉행동-충동성 문제는 각각 3개의 하위집단이 최적인 것으로 분류되었다. 부주의 문제의 하위집단은 문제 정도에 따라 ‘낮은 유지(53.6%)’, ‘중간 유지(34.0%)’, ‘높은 유지(12.4%)’ 세 집단으로 구분되었으며, 과잉행동-충동성 문제 역시 ‘낮은 유지(56.1%)’, ‘중간 유지(31.1%)’, ‘높은 유지(12.8%)’ 세 집단으로 분류되었다. 둘째, 부주의 문제의 하위집단에 대한 예측변인에서 자극추구성, 사회적 민감성, 적대적 양육행동의 점수가 높으면서 인내력 점수는 낮을수록 문제 정도가 낮은 유지 집단에 비해 높은 유지 집단에 속할 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 과잉행동-충동성 문제의 하위집단에 대한 예측변인을 살펴보면, 남아이면서 자극추구성 및 적대적 양육행동의 점수가 높고 인내력 점수는 낮을수록 문제 정도가 낮은 유지 집단에 비해 높은 유지 집단에 속할 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 본 연구의 의의 및 제한점, 후속 연구에 대한 제안을 논의하였다.
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to identify the latent subgroups of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity problems and to investigate the predictors of temperament (novelty seeking, persistence, reward dependence) and parenting behavior (warm, aggressive/hostile, neglect/indifference parenting) having an influence on those subgroups. Parents of 515 children in two elementary schools in Gyunggi province participated in the study: Children’s attentional problems were measured three times with five month intervals and children’s temperament and parenting behaviors were measured once, only at the first time-point. Cohort sequential design, general growth mixture model, and multinomial logistic regression methods were used for analyses. The results were as follows. First, three subgroups of both inattention and hyperactivity were identified: low (53.6%), moderate (34.0%), and high (12.4%) subgroup for inattention problems and low (56.1%), moderate (31.1%), and high (12.8%) subgroup for hyperactivity-impulsivity problems, respectively. Second, high scores for novelty-seeking and reward dependency and low persistence in temperament as well as high scores for hostile parenting can predict the possibilities belonging to the high-risk inattention subgroup against the subgroup with low inattention problems. Third, high scores for novelty-seeking and low persistence in temperament and high scores for hostile parenting as well as gender (being male) can predict the possibilities belonging to the high-risk hyperactivity-impulsivity subgroup against the subgroup with low hyperactivity-impulsivity problems. Suggestions for future research were discussed, along with the limitation of the current study.
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