해상운송인의 운송물 인도의무와 책임에 관한 고찰
Duty of delivery of Cargo and Liability of Sea Carrier
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초록
영미국가에서는 선하증권의 상환의무를 계약상의 의무로 취급하여 증권을 회수하지 않고 운송물을 인도하는 것은 중요한(본질적인) 계약사항에 대한 의무위반으로 인정하여 운송인의 책임제한을 적용하지 않으려는 경향이 우세하였다. 그러나 계약 조항의 확대해석과 국제규칙의 확대적용 등을 통하여 책임제한을 인정하는 의견도 제시되고 있으나 국제상거래에서 선하증권은 관련된 당사자들에게 거래의 안전과 신용을 제공하는 핵심적인 역할을 하고 있는 점을 고려하면 운송인으로부터 배상받지 못한 부분에 대한 손해는 결국 선의의 증권소지인이 부담하게 되는 결과를 초래할 수도 있어 결과적으로 운송인의 잘못으로 인한 책임이 증권소지인에게 전가되는 아주 아이러니컬한 현상이 발생할 수도 있다.
Abstract
The main role of a bill of lading in international trade are that it is as a document of title and as security to both seller and buyer under a sale contract. As a document of title the bill of lading offers the seller of goods or issuer of documentary credit security against default in payment by the buyer and an assurance to the buyer that the goods had been shipped prior to payment. A straight bill of lading was a document of title, even in the absence of any express provision in the bill of lading which required that it should be presented to obtain delivery of the goods. A shipper who asks for the issue of a straight bill of lading, even thought the alternative of a seawaybill is open to him, wants to retain some degree of control over the delivery of the goods. If the cargo is delivered without the presentation of a bill of lading, the carrier will be liable regardless of the circumstances which have been delivered. That will be so even where cargo is delivered against a forged bill of lading without negligence on the part of the carrier. In the case of misdelivery, the extent to which a carrier can limit his liability would be depended the clear agreement of the contracting parties which set out in the bill of lading. This matter is still important and awaits fresh consideration in the future case by the courts.
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