국제법상 對世的 義務 위반에 대한 ICJ 제소의 原告適格
Standing to institute ICJ proceedings based on alleged breaches of obligations erga omnes (partes) in international law
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국제법상 대세적 의무 또는 모든 당사국에 대한 의무의 위반이 발생하는 경우에는 어느 국가든지 또는 해당 국가군에 속하는 어느 국가든지 그 위반국에게 책임을 물을 수 있는가, 특히 그 위반국을 상대로 관할권 있는 국제법원에 제소할 수 있는가 하는 문제가 뒤따른다. 이 글에서는 피해국 아닌 국가의 원고적격에 관한 PCIJ와 ICJ의 판례와 국제위법행위책임에 관한 유엔 국제법위원회의 작업을 분석함으로써, 이 문제에 적용될 현행 국제법을 확인하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 대세적 의무의 경우에는 관련 판례가 없어 단언하기 어렵지만, 모든 당사국에 대한 의무의 경우에는 그 의무가 당해 다자조약의 당사국 모두의 공동 이익을 보호하기 위해 수립된 것임이 인정되는 한 피해국 아닌 국가에게도 원고적격이 인정되어 왔다고 할 수 있다. 다만 모든 당사국에 대한 의무와 그렇지 않은 의무의 경계는 아직 상당 부분 불분명한 가운데서도, 서로 다른 공동 이익 간의 우선 순위 문제는 앞으로도 모든 당사국들의 공동 관심사가 될 것으로 보인다.
Abstract
A breach of international obligations erga omnes (partes) raises some questions including whether a non-injured State may invoke the responsibility of the State that breached such an obligation, and particularly whether the former State may sue the latter at the ICJ. This paper aims at clarifying whether a non-injured State has standing to institute contentious proceedings at the ICJ against the State allegedly responsible for a breach of obligations erga omnes or those erga omnes partes. By an analysis of the ILC’s work and relevant jurisprudence of PCIJ and ICJ, it is claimed that a non-injured State has standing to do so if the obligation breached is established to protect a common interest of the group in question. It seems unclear, however, whether any State other than those injured by a breach of obligations erga omnes has standing as well. Given that the boundary between obligations erga omnes partes and other ones has not yet delimited completely, all States parties to a lot of multilateral treaties seemingly have a common interest in the question of standing in such cases.
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