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국제공동체 개념을 통한 국제법상 양자주의의 극복과 대세적 의무

Overcoming Bilateralism through the Concept of International Community: On Obligation Erga Omnes

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초록

국제법은 전통적으로 국가 대 국가간 양자관계에서의 권리・의무 관계를 중심으로 발전되어 왔으나, 특히 20세기 중반 이후 국제공동체 개념을 매개로 각국의 개별이익을 넘어선 국제평화와 안전, 인권, 환경 등 국제공동체 전체의 이익을 추구하는 방향으로의 대전환을 맞이하게 되었다. 이는 주권과 상호불간섭이라는 거의 절대적 권위를 누려온 개별적 가치를 초월하여 국제사회 공동의 이익을 위해 필요할 경우 국가의 의사와 동의를 압도하는 국제법의 강행가능성을 함의한다. 이 논문은 국제공동체의 이익을 위한 국제법의 강행을 위해 국제법 실무가 개발한 법적 기제 중 하나인 ‘대세적 의무’에 대해 살펴본다. 1970년 국제사법재판소의 Barcelona Traction 판결을 통해 국제법에 도입된 이 ‘대세적 의무’ 개념은 관련 권리・의무의 국제적 중요성에 기반하여 동 의무위반이 발생한 경우 직접적으로 피해를 입지 않은 여타 모든 국가들로 하여금 자국의 이익이 아니라 국제공동체의 이익을 위해 국제법정에서 위반국의 책임을 추궁할 수 있는 원고적격을 부여한다. 이러한 의미에서 ‘대세적 의무’는 절차적 개념이며, 실체적 언어로 이 개념을 설명하려는 시도는 지양되여야 한다. ‘대세적 의무’ 개념은 국제법상 공익소송의 가능성을 열었다고 평가되며, 제3국에 의한 국제법정에서의 소송을 통한 강행 뿐 아니라 준사법적 수단인 국가책임법상 대응조치를 통한 강행가능성으로도 연결된다.

Abstract

Bilateralism has long been the cornerstone of international law. On the basis of one-on-one bilateral relationship, states have exchanged rights and obligations for their own individual interests. After the World War II and the establishment of the United Nations, the scholarly tradition of the 19th century ‘solidarism’ begun to bear fruit. The term ‘international community’ became a catchword, and states and other subjects of international law started to recognize the fundamental values to be pursued by all members of the international community. Such supreme ethical values as ‘international peace and security’, ‘human rights’ and ‘environment’ compelled international law to develop new legal tools to protect those values. This paper explores one of those legal tools—i.e., obligation erga omnes. When a breach of obligation erga omnes occurs, international law recognizes each and every state’s legal standing to invoke the responsibility of the lawbreaking state. In this regard, obligation erga omnes is a procedural concept, and thus the efforts to explain this notion in a substantive language should be restrained. It also appears that obligation erga omnes has opened a possibility of actio popularis in the field of international law. This concept of obligation erga omnes is closely linked to the theme of ‘enforcement of international law’ either through actio popularis at the international level or through ‘lawful measures’ to be taken by third-sates on behalf of the injured state in the field of state responsibility.

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