미국 헌법상 정교분리의 판례법과 시사점-연방헌법(1700s~2018)의 정교분리를 중심으로-
The Supreme Court’s Case Law of the Separation of Religion & Politics and Implication in U.S. American Constitution
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현재의 미국에서 교회와 국가의 분리는 18세기 산업화 기간 동안 분업화 시대에 특히 호소력이 있었다. 역사적으로 미국의 종교-국가 체제는 일반적으로 종교와 국가의 “분리 벽”이라는 분리주의로 간주된다. 이 논문은 종교와 국가가 중요한 사회적 기능의 이행에 협력하는 “완화된 분리”로 보는 최근의 동향을 추적한다. 이러한 변화를 이끌어내기 위한 기제는 점점 보수적인 연방대법원이 기독교 우파의 안건을 부분적으로 통합해 왔다. 그러나 분리주의에 대한 공격은 서로 다른 영역에서 상이하게 성공을 거두었다. “붕괴된” ‘분리 벽’은 공공자원에 대한 접근에 있어서 가장 큰 성공을 거두었다. 공적 영역의 종교적 상징물에 대해서는 그 벽이 단지 “붕괴됐을” 뿐이라고 주장한다. 국가는 종교를 문화와 전통으로 세속화함으로써 간접적으로만 종교와 일치할 수 있기 때문이다. 이러한 발전은 종교-국가 관계와 대조되는데, 종교-국가 관계는 오로지 종교설립에서 더 강한 형태의 분리에 이르기까지 반대 방향으로 움직였다. 연방대법원의 판례로서 레몬 심사기준이 어떻게 변천하고 있는지를 검토했다. 2014년 연방대법원은 Town of Greece v. Galloway(2014) 에서 “정부가 시민들에게 어떤 종교나 종교 행사를 지지하거나 참여하도록 강요하지 않아야 하는 것이 수정헌법 제1조의 본질”이라고 판결했다.
Abstract
In a current United States America, The separation of church and state had particular appeal in an age of specialization during the industrialization of 18 century so far. In historical perspective, the American religion–state regime is generally considered as strictly separationist, with a “wall of separation” keeping religion and state apart. This article traces a recent move away from this toward a “modest establishment,” in which religion and state cooperate in the fulfillment of important social functions. The mechanism for bringing about this change has been an increasingly conservative Supreme Court that has partially incorporated the agenda of the Christian Right. However, the attack on separationism was differently successful in different domains. The greatest success has been achieved with respect to access to public resources, where the wall of separation has been “breached.” With respect to religious symbols in the public sphere, I argue, the wall has merely been “battered.” This is because the state can align itself with religion only indirectly, by secularizing it as culture and tradition. These developments are contrasted with religion–state relations, which have moved in the opposite direction, from vestigial establishment to stronger forms of separation. I review how ‘lemon standard’ has been changed by the Supreme Court of the United States. In 2014, the Supreme Court held in Town of Greece v. Galloway that it is an elemental First Amendment principle that government may not coerce its citizens to support or participate in any religion or its exercise.
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