조선후기 강원도 자연재해와 진휼곡의 조달 양상

Abstract

Gangwon Province suffered from a lot of natural disasters including flood damage, fire, and epidemics throughout Joseon. Once a natural disaster happened, Suryeongs would protect the starved people by installing Jinjejang while examining them and making a report on them to the provincial office under the command of the governor. When a natural disaster caused a severe degree of damage, the king would dispatch a royal secret inspector and supervise relief efforts himself. These envoys sent by the king in the title of Gamjin or Wiyu royal secret inspector saved the starved people by arranging relief grain and supervised Suryeongs and governors who led the relief work. The key aspect of efforts to save the starved people by Suryeongs, auditors, and royal secret inspectors was to secure grain or relief grain. Gangwon Province did not have many taxes imposed on rice paddies and fields, and did not have enough capacity to save the starved people in the province for itself. It had to have grain transferred from its neigh- boring regions including Gyeongsang, Hamgyeong, and Chungcheong Province. This practice of saving the starved people with grain transferred from other provinces remained active until the early 18th century, but it was difficult to maintain the practice of having grain transferred from other provinces due to ship arrangement, grain transportation, and the objection to grain leakage in other provinces. When it became difficult to receive grain support from other provinces, Gangwon Province decided to manage Hwangok within its perimeter to prepare relief grain. It was called Sangjin grain. The province met most of its relief grain needs with Sangjin grain until the middle 18th century. Even “Jaegeosamok,” which was carried by a royal secret inspector, stipulated that Sangjin grain should be used as relief grain. The total amount of Sangjin grain was 330,000 seoks by the middle 18th century, but it reduced to 50,000 seoks by the second half of the 19th century. The reasons were the consumption of original grain due to natural disasters and the investment of grain as a new type of Hwangok. As the situation turned unfavorable, Gangwon Province established three new types of Hwangok including Cheopbyeolbigok, Byeolchangbulyumi, and Bohwanmi to replace Sangjin grain. They were all installed to save the starved people and amounted to 185,000 seoks, which were half the province's Hwangok in the second half of the 18th century. Gangwon Province saved the starved people with these types of grain since the second half of the 18th century