미얀마 로힝자 분쟁에 대한 역사적 고찰
Historical Consideration on the Rohingya Conflict of Myanmar
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전통시대에 여카잉 지역은 상좌불교가 뿌리를 내리고 있는 미얀마의 중앙평원지역과 무슬림의 유입이 많았던 인도의 벵갈지역 사이에 위치에 양쪽의 문화적 영향을 많이 받아왔다. 따라서 여카잉은 오랜기간동안 이슬람 문화와 상좌불교 문화가 함께 공존하는 종교혼합주의적 양상을 띄었던 지역이라 할수 있다. 일찍이 8세기경부터 무슬림이 유입해 들어왔으며 15~16세기를 거치면서 본격적인 무슬림 공동체가 형성되었다. 먀웃우 왕조시대의 여카잉의 불교도 지배자들은 이슬람 문화를 배척하기 보다는 오히려 정치적 수단으로서 적극적으로 수용해왔다. 그러나 여카잉족은 18세기에 버마족에 의해 중앙평원지역의 문화권으로 흡수되면서 여카잉족 내부의 정체성 변화가 일어났다. 이슬람과 불교의 공존지대였던 여카잉의 불교도들은 이제 무슬림을 타자화하는 인식변화가 나타나기 시작한 것이다. 이러한 인식변화는 영국식민지배기에 접어들면서 구체적으로 발현되었다. 오늘날 분쟁의 핵심대상이 되고 있는 로힝자라는 명칭이 이시기부터 등장하기 시작했고, 무슬림의 집단화가 자의와 타의에 의해 가시화되었다. 영국식민정부시절 벵갈의 무슬림 노동력이 영국정부에의해 미얀마 지역으로 적극적으로 초치되었고, 이때 함께 유입해들어온 인도인 껄라와 무슬림이 동일한 집단으로 인식되면서 버마족의 껄라에 대한 반발이 무슬림에 대한 반발로까지 이어지게 되었다. 이것이 미얀마 독립 이후, 껄라를 포함한 외래동양인에 대한 추방정책을 통해 무슬림의 역사성과 출신 문제가 대두되었고 이것이 최근 로힝자 사태로 폭발하게 된 것이다. 오늘날의 로힝자 문제는 이제 종족적 갈등을 넘어서서 이종 종교집단 혐오로까지 확대되었다.
Abstract
During traditional era, the Rakhine people stretched to the central plain area where Theravada Buddhism puts down roots eastward and to Bengal area where there were a lot of contacts with Muslims westward, playing a role as a cultural crossroad of the two regions. Therefore, due to often contacts with Muslims, Islam was settled gradually and for a long time. From as early as the 8th century, the Muslims came in, and after the 15th century, Muslim community was formed with Muslim merchants as the center. After the 16th century, the slave hunting of Muslims became a direct cause of Muslim community formation. Especially after the establishment of the Mrauk-U Kingdom in the 15th century, the region had a strong syncretic color in that Buddhist rulers of Rakhine used Islamic style for royal names, As the Rakhine people was seriously absorbed into the central plain area where the tradition of Burma people put down roots in the 18th century, the identity of the Rakhine people changed. The cultural absorption into the Burma people caused change of the Rakhine people's awareness, so Muslims in Rakhine had to lose ground. In the coexistence space of religious syncretism where the buddhist royals accepted Islamic culture without resistance in the past, a change towards the muslim occurred. In this situation, the Rohingya also cooperated with the British colonial power as other minority ethnic groups did during the colonial period, and after the independent, the government started prosecution on residents of Rakhine due to the reason that they belong to Rakhine region where the Rohingya people that have many members of the Communist Party live. Recently, there was bloodshed that burned Rakhine muslim areas and caused numerous casualties and refugees. In other words, the change of awareness towards muslims in the Rakhine during the 18th century experienced transition period and the colonial period, and it was extended to the hatred of different religious group after the independence. The hatred for muslim and conflicts throughout the Rakhine area shouldn't be considered as a temporary incident that recently happened accidently. This should be viewed as a part of tribal dispute that Myanmar consisting of numerous minority ethnic groups constantly struggled after the independence. However, in the situation that the military government was terminated and the attention of the international society that requires non-violence, democracy and human right expansion is gathered as the civilian government was established in 2016, it is impossible to solve the constant tribal conflict problems that repeated from the establishment of federal government with oppressive exclusion that was exercised from the closed Ne Win regime in the past. It is still controversial that the muslims of Rakhine that were gradually brought into in various periods can be defined as the term of Rohingya, but it is time to adopt humanitarian measures to solve the Rhhingya problem by considering the traditional era of harmony and coexistence history and the recent period of violence and conflict history.
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