코로나19에 맞선 동남아의 대응: 초기 대처과정의 잠정적 함의
Southeast Asia against COVID-19: Tentative Evaluation and Implications of the Early Response
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코로나19의 기세가 만만치 않다. 대다수 국가들이 중국으로부터의 유입만 막으면 안전할 거라 생각했지만 코로나19는 파죽지세로 전 세계를 휩쓸어 곧 대유행의 시대를 열었다. 동남아에서도 코로나19는 뒤늦게 맹위를 떨치고 있다. 이에 각국은 외부로부터의 유입 차단에 집중했던 초기 대응책보다 강도 높은 후속대책을 내놓으며 방역에 총력을 기울이는 상황이다. 입국통제와 지역봉쇄, 일련의 거리두기 조치로 요약되는 각국 정부의 코로나19 대응책은 적용 시기와 범위, 강도 면에서 차이가 있었고, 그 결과는 연일 집계되는 확진건수와 사망건수의 차이로 가시화되고 있다. 본 논문은 동남아 각국 정부가 내놓은 코로나19 대응책의 시계열적 변화와 보건의료역량에 대한 비교 검토를 통해 초기대응과 방역 성패 간의 관계를 논의하고자 한다. 베트남과 싱가포르, 브루나이 등의 국가가 이룩한 성과는 방역의 핵심이 감염 확산 전 초기 단계에서의 치밀한 검역과 적극적인 진단, 공중보건의료역량의 신속하고 전면적인 동원임을 말해준다. 반면 조기에 감염 확산을 막지 못한 국가들의 경우 강도 높은 사회통제 조치에 의존한 결과 사회안전망의 위기와 의료체계의 과부하에 따른 사망자 속출 사태에 직면하기에 이르렀다. 코로나19 사태는 감염병대응전략이 보편적 건강보장과 사회안전망의 강화를 위한 노력에 기초해야 한다는 사실을 일깨워주고 있다. 코로나19의 초국적 전개는 감염 확산을 억제하기 위한 국제사회의 공조와 협력을 긴급한 과제로 호출하고 있다. 4월 14일 개최된 아세안+3(한ㆍ중ㆍ일) 특별화상정상회의는 코로나19에 대한 공동대응과 포스트 팬데믹 회복을 위한 국제적 공조의 첫걸음으로 평가할 수 있다. 동아시아가 코로나19 시대의 ‘희망지대’로 부상한 지금이야말로 위기공동대응체계의 실질적 가동을 위한 노력에 박차를 가할 때다.
Abstract
The government's responses to corona19, which are summarized by immigration control, lockdown, and a series of distance-keeping measures, differ in terms of application time, scope, and intensity, and the results are visualized by the difference in the number of confirmed cases and death toll every day. This paper, focusing on this point, attempts to discuss the relationship between initial response and the success or failure of responses to COVID-19 through a comparative review of the health care capabilities of Southeast Asian countries. The achievements of countries such as Vietnam, Singapore, and Brunei indicate that the precise quarantine and proactive diagnosis at the 'early stage' before the spread of infection, and the rapid and comprehensive mobilization of public health capabilities are key factors to contain the spreading of virus. On the other hand, countries that failed to prevent the spread of virus at the early stage, belatedly implemented high-intensity social control measures, but faced a death toll spike due to the crisis in the social safety net and the overload of the medical system. The COVID-19 incident reminds us that the infectious disease response strategy should be based on efforts to strengthen universal health coverage system and social safety nets. The transnational development of COVID-19 calls for international cooperation and coordination to curb the spread of infection as an urgent task. The Special ASEAN+3 (the Republic of Korea, China and Japan) Summit on COVID-19 via videoconference on 14 April, can be evaluated as the first step in international cooperation for joint response to COVID-19 and post-pandemic recovery. Now that East Asia has emerged as the “hope zone” of the COVID-19 era, it is time to accelerate efforts to put the joint crisis response system into action.
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