문법화의 통시적 고찰: 쑤코타이시대 태국어 방향동사 /paj/ 와 /maa/
A Diachronic Study on Grammaticalization: Focusing on Directional Verbs in Thai
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In this research, I conducted a comparative analysis of some basic Thai directional verbs, in particular, the meaning of horizontal motional verbs, /paj/(‘go’) and /maa/(‘come’), and their functions in sentences. This analysis was conducted by examining historical sources for diachronic consideration of the aspects of grammaticalization. Thai verbs /paj/ and /maa/ are words with multiple meanings and functions that have a very broad meaning extension. As discussed in one of my previous studies, these two verbs have attained additional grammatical functions because they gained additional meanings through cognitive mechanisms such as decategoricalization. One of the typical examples of this grammaticalization is that they are used as auxiliary verbs with an aspectual meaning. In my previous studies, my research was limited to making an inference based on semantic similarities or the structural relatedness of /paj/ and /maa/ in explaining why there are situations where they have aspectual meaning. However, in distinguishing motivation from arbitrariness, one of the most definitive ways to verify the assertion that various meanings of words are derived from the same origin would be to verify systematic motivation; in other words, to analyze and explain based on diachronic language evidence. There upon I examined some of the representative historic sources that are available and examinable such as the inscriptions from the Sukhothai era(the very first kingdom recognized in Thai history). I analyzed the polysemic structure, meaning and functions of /paj/ and /maa/ as they appeared in those documents as well as the differences in the aspects of grammaticalization in the respective period. As a result, I found that the meaning and functions of the verbs have become more subdivided and the grammaticalization has become more active in modern times than it was in the past. This diachronic consideration can provide a good example for the uni-directionality of grammatization that is claimed in Cognitive Linguistics and can also be an interesting basis for future change and development in the Thai language.
Abstract
In this research, I conducted a comparative analysis of some basic Thai directional verbs, in particular, the meaning of horizontal motional verbs, /paj/(‘go’) and /maa/(‘come’), and their functions in sentences. This analysis was conducted by examining historical sources for diachronic consideration of the aspects of grammaticalization. Thai verbs /paj/ and /maa/ are words with multiple meanings and functions that have a very broad meaning extension. As discussed in one of my previous studies, these two verbs have attained additional grammatical functions because they gained additional meanings through cognitive mechanisms such as decategoricalization. One of the typical examples of this grammaticalization is that they are used as auxiliary verbs with an aspectual meaning. In my previous studies, my research was limited to making an inference based on semantic similarities or the structural relatedness of /paj/ and /maa/ in explaining why there are situations where they have aspectual meaning. However, in distinguishing motivation from arbitrariness, one of the most definitive ways to verify the assertion that various meanings of words are derived from the same origin would be to verify systematic motivation; in other words, to analyze and explain based on diachronic language evidence. There upon I examined some of the representative historic sources that are available and examinable such as the inscriptions from the Sukhothai era(the very first kingdom recognized in Thai history). I analyzed the polysemic structure, meaning and functions of /paj/ and /maa/ as they appeared in those documents as well as the differences in the aspects of grammaticalization in the respective period. As a result, I found that the meaning and functions of the verbs have become more subdivided and the grammaticalization has become more active in modern times than it was in the past. This diachronic consideration can provide a good example for the uni-directionality of grammatization that is claimed in Cognitive Linguistics and can also be an interesting basis for future change and development in the Thai language.
참고문헌 (29)
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- "คฺยอง อึน ปาร์ค. 2554. ปรากฏการณ์พหุนัยของคำว่า 가다", gada, ~
- "จรัสดาว อินทรทัศน์. 2539. กระบวนการที่คำกริยากลายเป็นคำบุพบทใน ภาษาไทย. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญาดุษฎีบัณฑิต. คณะอักษรศาสตร์, จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย", ~
- "จินดา เฮงสมบูรณ์. 2528. คำกริยาบอกการเคลื่อนที่ในภาษาไทย. วิทยานิพนธ์ ปริญญามหาบัณฑิต. คณะอักษรศาสตร์, จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย", ~
- "ชัชวดี ศรลัมพ์. 2539. การศึกษามโนทัศน์ของคำว่า “เข้า”. วิทยานิพนธ์ดุษฎี บัณฑิต คณะอักษรศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย", ~
- "ปิ่นกาญจน์ วัชรปาณ. 2548. “อยาก” การศึกษาเชิงประวัติ. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญา มหาบัณฑิต. คณะอักษรศาสตร์, จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย", ~
- "มิ่งมิตร ศรีประสิทธิ์. 2546. การศึกษาเชิงประวัติของคำว่า แล้ว อยู่ อยู่แล้ว. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญามหาบัณฑิต. คณะอักษรศาสตร์, จุฬาลงกรณ์ มหาวิทยาลัย", ~
- "ยาใจ ชูวิชา. 2536. ความเป็นประโยคของหน่วยสร้างกริยาเรียงในภาษาไทย. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญาดุษฎีบัณฑิต. คณะอักษรศาสตร์, จุฬาลงกรณ์ มหาวิทยาลัย", ~
- "ราชบัณฑิตยสถาน. 2546. พจนานุกรมฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ.2542. กรุงเทพฯ : นานมีบุคส์พับลิเคชั่นส์", ~
- "วรลักษณ์ วีระยุทธ. 2556. การศึกษาวากยสัมพันธ์ข้ามสมัยในคำว่า ไป และ มา. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญามหาบัณฑิต. บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย, มหาวิทยาลัย เกษตรศาสตร์", ~
- "สุดา รังกุพันธ์ุ. 2536. กริยารอง ไป และ มา ในภาษาไทย. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญา มหาบัณฑิต. คณะอักษรศาสตร์, จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย", ~
- "สุรีเนตร จรัสจรุงเกียรติ. 2551. ยัง: การศึกษาเชิงประวัติ. วิทยานิพนธ์ปริญญา มหาบัณฑิต. คณะอักษรศาสตร์, จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย", ~
- "โสภาวรรณ แสงไชย. 2537. กริยารอง ขึ้น และ ลง ในภาษาไทย. วิทยานิพนธ์ ปริญญามหาบัณฑิต. คณะอักษรศาสตร์, จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย", ~