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Gender Ideology in The Narratives of Mae Nak Phrakhanong on Thai Movies Mae Nak Phrakhanong, Nang Nak, and Phi Mak..Phrakhanong
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Mae Nak Phrakhanong is the most famous Thai legendary ghost story in Thailand. Mae Nak is a female ghost who died during labour a child while her husband Mak went to a battle field. This lovelorn ghost story was remade as movies 24 times so far since the year 1936 when its first movie released. This study starts from the hypothesis that the idealistic Mae Nak’s image such as a ‘desirable wife’ and ‘good mother’ was exploited by the dominant patriarchic ideaology during the Pibungsongkhram regime. And after that the idealistic images of Mae Nak has been consumed as needed as following the society and culture has been changed. To investigate the gender ideology through Mae Nak narratives, three Mae Nak movies such as Mae Nak Phrakhanong (1978), Nang Nak (1999) and Phi Mak..Phrakhanong (2013) were selected by considering their box office and critical success including historical significance. Mae Nak Phrakhanong contains traditional value and modern idea in regard to gender. The movie illustrates that Thailand in 1970s was changed rapidly into urbanization and industrialization together with the democracy movement. The democratic idealism affected to rural area but traditional gender value was hardly changed. Nang Nak was released in 1999 when Thailand was in the economic crisis (IMF). The movie obviously expresses nationalism and conservative dominant ideology in that three pillars of Thai nation-buidling (Nation, King and Buddhism) are embodied through the screen. Phi Mak..Phrakhanong shows the most unconventional characters appeared as well as the ending. The masculinity in the movie do not follow the grammar of Thai traditional way. Mak is far different from stereotype man of Thai culture, but he shows soft and gentle charisma to protect his wife Nak. To sum up, the main theme of Mae Nak story is that men and ghosts cannot live in a world together. In other words, female ghosts are different kind from human men. That is, women are outsider under male-dominant society.
Abstract
Mae Nak Phrakhanong is the most famous Thai legendary ghost story in Thailand. Mae Nak is a female ghost who died during labour a child while her husband Mak went to a battle field. This lovelorn ghost story was remade as movies 24 times so far since the year 1936 when its first movie released. This study starts from the hypothesis that the idealistic Mae Nak’s image such as a ‘desirable wife’ and ‘good mother’ was exploited by the dominant patriarchic ideaology during the Pibungsongkhram regime. And after that the idealistic images of Mae Nak has been consumed as needed as following the society and culture has been changed. To investigate the gender ideology through Mae Nak narratives, three Mae Nak movies such as Mae Nak Phrakhanong (1978), Nang Nak (1999) and Phi Mak..Phrakhanong (2013) were selected by considering their box office and critical success including historical significance. Mae Nak Phrakhanong contains traditional value and modern idea in regard to gender. The movie illustrates that Thailand in 1970s was changed rapidly into urbanization and industrialization together with the democracy movement. The democratic idealism affected to rural area but traditional gender value was hardly changed. Nang Nak was released in 1999 when Thailand was in the economic crisis (IMF). The movie obviously expresses nationalism and conservative dominant ideology in that three pillars of Thai nation-buidling (Nation, King and Buddhism) are embodied through the screen. Phi Mak..Phrakhanong shows the most unconventional characters appeared as well as the ending. The masculinity in the movie do not follow the grammar of Thai traditional way. Mak is far different from stereotype man of Thai culture, but he shows soft and gentle charisma to protect his wife Nak. To sum up, the main theme of Mae Nak story is that men and ghosts cannot live in a world together. In other words, female ghosts are different kind from human men. That is, women are outsider under male-dominant society.
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