Wireless Bioelectronics for Bladder Function Monitoring
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Continuous bladder function monitoring is essential for the diagnosis and management of urological disorders; however,conventional methods such as catheter-based urodynamic studies are invasive, uncomfortable, and unsuitable for long-term use. Recent advances in flexible electronics, soft materials, and wireless communication have enabled the development of wearable andimplantable bioelectronics that support real-time, continuous, patient-friendly bladder monitoring. This review summarizes progressacross key modalities, namely, ultrasound- and bioimpedance-based wearable platforms, strain gauge-based implantable platforms,and multimodal implantable systems, which combine sensing with electrical stimulation. Their respective advantages, limitations, andpotential clinical applications are discussed. In the future, the integration of multi-parameter systems, energy harvesting, and artificialintelligence-driven analytics could transform these devices into intelligent, self-regulating platforms that not only monitor but alsoactively manage bladder health. Such innovations are promising for advancements in personalized urological care from episodic clinicalassessments toward continuous, adaptive interventions.
Abstract
Continuous bladder function monitoring is essential for the diagnosis and management of urological disorders; however,conventional methods such as catheter-based urodynamic studies are invasive, uncomfortable, and unsuitable for long-term use. Recent advances in flexible electronics, soft materials, and wireless communication have enabled the development of wearable andimplantable bioelectronics that support real-time, continuous, patient-friendly bladder monitoring. This review summarizes progressacross key modalities, namely, ultrasound- and bioimpedance-based wearable platforms, strain gauge-based implantable platforms,and multimodal implantable systems, which combine sensing with electrical stimulation. Their respective advantages, limitations, andpotential clinical applications are discussed. In the future, the integration of multi-parameter systems, energy harvesting, and artificialintelligence-driven analytics could transform these devices into intelligent, self-regulating platforms that not only monitor but alsoactively manage bladder health. Such innovations are promising for advancements in personalized urological care from episodic clinicalassessments toward continuous, adaptive interventions.