Numerical and Multiphysics Simulation of Flexible PMN-PT 1-3 Ultrasonic Transducer Arrays for Noninvasive Vascular Monitoring
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In this study, we present a simulation-driven framework to design a flexible ultrasonic transducer array (UTA) basedon the PMN-PT 1-3 piezoelectric composite for noninvasive vascular monitoring. The effect of transducer aperture and arrayconfiguration on the acoustic beam performance in tissue models was evaluated using MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics. Weemployed a target vessel embedded at a depth of 7.3 mm with a diameter of 2.7 mm as a reference to evaluate the pulse-echoresponse. A vessel diameter of 2.7 mm utilizing a single transducer element, which was expanded to include a full array, wasobserved through simulation. Additionally, focused beam simulation presented a peak pressure of 4.3 kPa, when compared with thepressure of 1.2 kPa observed in the unfocused case, demonstrating significant intensity gain through delay-based focusing. The Bmodeimages generated using delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming in MATLAB demonstrated strong lateral confinement of theacoustic beam around the target vessel location. The proposed hybrid modeling approach enables the efficient design of wearableUTAs prior to fabrication and supports the future development of high-resolution, skin-conformal ultrasound devices.
Abstract
In this study, we present a simulation-driven framework to design a flexible ultrasonic transducer array (UTA) basedon the PMN-PT 1-3 piezoelectric composite for noninvasive vascular monitoring. The effect of transducer aperture and arrayconfiguration on the acoustic beam performance in tissue models was evaluated using MATLAB and COMSOL Multiphysics. Weemployed a target vessel embedded at a depth of 7.3 mm with a diameter of 2.7 mm as a reference to evaluate the pulse-echoresponse. A vessel diameter of 2.7 mm utilizing a single transducer element, which was expanded to include a full array, wasobserved through simulation. Additionally, focused beam simulation presented a peak pressure of 4.3 kPa, when compared with thepressure of 1.2 kPa observed in the unfocused case, demonstrating significant intensity gain through delay-based focusing. The Bmodeimages generated using delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming in MATLAB demonstrated strong lateral confinement of theacoustic beam around the target vessel location. The proposed hybrid modeling approach enables the efficient design of wearableUTAs prior to fabrication and supports the future development of high-resolution, skin-conformal ultrasound devices.