아프가니스탄 지역 파슈툰 부족의 안보/치안시스템: 국가권력과 탈레반 테러세력 사이의 안보/치안서비스 경쟁
Security and law enforcement system of Pashtun tribes in Afghanistan: The competition of security and law enforcement service between the Afghan state and Taleban terror network
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여전히 아프가니스탄에서의 정치적 안정과 안보와 치안질서의 구축은 요원해 보인다. 이러한 오늘날 아프가니스탄의 상황은 전통적인 민족국가 단위에 기반을 둔 안보와 치안에 관한 시각에 중요한 의문을 던진다. 이 연구는 이러한 오늘날의 아프간 안보상황이 보여주는 위기에 대한 이해를 구하고자 시도한다. 이를 위해 이 논문은 오늘날 아프가니스탄의 경우 미국과 국제사회가 지원하는 아프간 국가(카르자이 중앙정부)와 탈레반으로 대표되는 이슬람 극단주의 세력 간의 이러한 안보 서비스 제공의 경쟁관계가 나타난다고 가정한다. 그리고 여전히 탈레반의 영향력이 파슈툰 부족지역에서 강하게 유지되는 것은 이 탈레반 세력이 아프간 국가와 비교할 때 보다 더 효과적이고 신뢰성 있는 안보서비스를 제공하기 때문일 것이라고 가정한다. 이 논문은 이러한 가정 하에 현재 실제로 파슈툰 부족의 안보시스템이 어떻게 작동하고 있으며 이것이 탈레반의 영향력 증대와 어떻게 관련되어 있는 지를 살펴보고자 한다. 아프가니스탄 파슈툰 부족의 사례는 전통적인 시각에서 벗어나 안보에 대한 새로운 이해가 필요함을 보여준다. 전통적인 안보는 국가 또는 국가권력을 기본 프레임으로 하여 구축되고 가동되고 있다. 하지만 파슈툰 부족의 사례에서는 이 국가가 부족과 부족민들에게 실효적인 안보 서비스의 제공자로 자리매김하고 있지도 그리고 그러한 기능을 수행하고 있지도 못하고 있는 현실을 보여주고 있다. 한편 오늘날 아프간에서 보여 지는 안보와 관련된 국가 제도화의 증가와 더불어 일어나는 국가의 실효적 안보 서비스 제공 능력의 후퇴는 국가 시스템의 마련과 정착이 곧 국가의 실효적 지배를 통한 안보의 구축으로 이어지지 않는 다는 사실을 보여준다. 때문에 안보의 구축에 있어 제도의 마련과 법안이나 협약의 도출, 그리고 형사사법 시스템 등의 국가 시스템 구축 등에 집중된 통상적인 제도주의적인 안보 구축 접근법에 대한 진지한 검토가 필요할 것이다. 오늘날 파슈툰 부족의 안보시스템의 현실은 이러한 제도주의적 접근에 대한 하나의 비판적 사례가 될 것이다. 이 연구에서 보여주는 파슈툰 부족 사회 안보 시스템의 현실은 아프간 국가권력으로 하여금 제도주의적 접근의 한계를 넘어서 보다 복잡한 방식으로 안보 서비스를 제공하는 시스템을 작동하도록 요구한다. 이런 측면에서 이 논문은 단순한 제도주의적 접근을 넘어서 제도주의적 접근과 구성주의적 접근을 통합한 복합주의적 접근을 제시한다.
Abstract
Still, Afghanistan is in turmoil with the absence of the political stability and rule of law. This situation threw a question about the conventional perspectives of security and law enforcement based on the nation-state. This study tried to find an understanding of the current crisis of Afghanistan. For doing so, it assumes that the competition of security and law enforcement service appears between the Afghan state and Taleban terror network. It also assumes that Taleban terror forces are far more dominant in the Pashtun tribal region because the latter provides better security and law enforcement service than the former. Upon these assumptions, this article examines how the security and law enforcement system of today’s Pashtun tribes operate in practice and how this system is associated with the increase of Taleban influence in these tribal societies. The Pashtun case of Afghanistan shows the necessity of new comprehension on security. The traditional concept on security has been built and operated by the basic framework of the state power. However, this state power is impotent and malfunctioned in the case of Pashtun tribal society. This tells us an important lesson that the mere construction of the state system, more importantly the criminal justice system, may not guarantee the automatic assurance of security and rule of law. Therefore, we may need a more sincere criticism against the institutionalism approach of security-construction meaning the mere construction of legislation, the state agencies, and the criminal justice system. In this regards, this article suggests a more complex-approach which integrates institutionalism approach with constructivism approach.
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