진리와 교육: 하이데거 존재론의 관점
Truth and Education: A Heideggerian Perspective
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하이데거의 존재론은 종래의 인식론에 비하여 진리의 문제를 보다 근본적인 수준에서 취급하고 있다. 하이데거가 그의 존재론적 탐구를 통하여 밝혀낸 진리는 인식론의 ‘명제적 진리’의 근원을 이룬다는 점에서 ‘근원적 진리’로 명명된다. 근원적 진리는 ‘세계 또는 존재 자체의 현시’를 가리키며, 이것은 1) 명제적 진리가 성립하기 위한 논리적 조건이 되며, 2) 인간의 진리 경험의 시원적(始原的) 요소를 포함한다는 점에서 ‘근원성’을 갖는다. 근원적 진리의 경험은 현존재로 하여금 세계와 그 안에 들어있는 일체의 존재자를 경외와 찬탄의 마음으로 바라보도록 만들며, 이 점에서 현존재의 삶을 특정한 방향으로 이끄는 힘을 발휘한다. 교육은 메마르고 편협한 일상의 세계에 머물러 있는 학생에게 인간으로서 자신의 본질이 어디에 있는가를 깨닫게 해주는 행위이다. 인간의 본질은 그의 마음이 근원적 진리의 사건이 끊임없이 발생하는 신성한 장소가 된다는 점에 있으며, 교육한다는 것의 가장 심각한 의미는 학생으로 하여금 이 본질을 구현하는 삶을 살도록 한다는 데 있다.
Abstract
Truth is undoubtedly one of the cardinal notions by which education has long been essentially characterised. Drawing on Heidegger’s ontology, this paper attempts to suggest an alternative to epistemological approaches to the issues of truth and to reveal its significance for education. Heidegger’s ontology addresses the issues of truth in a more fundamental way than traditional epistemology such that what remains dark in the predominant epistemological pictures of truth can compellingly be brought to light and be made central to the phenomenon of truth. The kind of truth that his ontological investigation has led himself to is adequately termed ‘primordial truth’ since it proves to be the primordial source of epistemology’s ‘propositional truth’. Primordial truth refers to the phenomenon of the disclosedness of world or of being as such. This can lay claim to primordiality not only because it is the transcendental or logical condition of the possibility of propositional truth but because it is more ancient than propositional truth in the sense that it is closer to a pure or primordial experience of truth that appeared in the earliest time and is still accessible to us. An experience of primordial truth lets human being(Dasein) encounter things in speechless awe and wonder(thaumazein), and thereby lets him authentically dwell in his world. Thus, to it belongs great power under whose sway human being is submitted to a specific manner of living. Education is an enterprise that releases the pupil from his everyday, impoverished world in the way that he can learn that he is essentially the very place(Da) in which the event of primordial truth occurs. The educated man is nothing other than the man whose life preserves, and is shaped by, this very essence.
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