본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

강압적 통제의 정의와 적용범위에 대한 연구

Understanding Coercive Control: Analyzing Its Definition and the Extent of Its Integration into Criminal Justice Policy

안재경
한국형사정책학회 (Korean Association Of Criminology)|2024.01|형사정책 (Korean Journal Of Criminology)|제35권 제4호|pp. 167-210

3

조회

0

다운로드

3

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

가정폭력아동학대Child AbuseDomestic Violence친밀한 관계강압적 통제젠더폭력Coercive ControlGender ViolenceIntimate Relationships

초록

강압적 통제란 피해자에게 신체적, 언어적 폭력, 경제적 압박 등의 수단을 통하여 원하는 방향으로 행동하도록 조종하는 행위로, 종종 가스라이팅과 혼동되나 더 포괄적인 개념이다. Stark(2007)에 의해 처음 제시된 위 개념은 주로 친밀한 관계나 배우자 간 폭력에서 피해자의 자유와 의지를 억압하는 행위를 설명하는 데 사용되어왔다. 강압적 통제의 심리적 기제는 다양한 사례와 맥락에서 피해자-가해자 사이에 발생하는 행위를 이해하는데 유용하다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 강압적 통제에 대한 기존의 학문적·실무적 관심은 주로 기존의 형법적 개념에 따른 ‘친밀한 관계 속 남성의 여성에 대한’ 젠더불평등적 관점에 집중되어 분석되고 있다. 본 연구는 강압적 통제 개념을 다른 범죄유형과 대상의 수단으로 확대하여 이해하는 작업이 필요함을 주장하고자 한다. 이를 통해, 형사사법기관이 학대 맥락에 대한 전체적인 이해를 할 수 있으며, 일부 특정 피해자 유형과 범죄맥락에 대한 오해와 편견을 완화시키는 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 보았다. 문헌연구의 방법을 활용하여 살펴본 결과, 강압적 통제에 관한 연구가 제한적이며, 국내의 경우 주로 젠더폭력 문제의 차원에 집중되어 연구되어 있음을 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 다양한 맥락에서 혼재되어 있는 강압적 통제의 개념과 속성을 명확히 파악하고, 강압적 통제의 심리적 기제가 이성애적 관계뿐만 아니라 애정과 의존성을 이용하는 관계들(예: 부모-자녀, 동성애적 관계)과 젠더폭력 외에 착취를 목적으로 하는 범죄맥락(예: 인신매매, 사기 등)을 설명하는 데에도 적용될 수 있음을 검토했다. 본 연구를 통해 강압적 통제 개념을 명료화하고 구체화함으로써 향후 연구와 실무적 적용에 대한 이론적 기반을 제공하고자 했으며, 실무적 그리고 정책적 방안을 제안하였다.

Abstract

The concept of “coercive control,” which involves manipulating a victim's actions through means such as physical, verbal violence, and economic pressure, is often confused with gaslighting but is a more comprehensive concept. Initially introduced by Stark (2007), this concept has primarily been used to explain acts that oppress the freedom and will of victims in intimate or spousal violence. The psychological mechanisms of coercive control are useful for understanding the interactions between victims and perpetrators in various cases and contexts. However, the existing academic and practical attention to coercive control has largely remained within the gender-imbalanced perspective of 'men's control over women' in intimate relationships, based on traditional criminal law concepts. This research argues for the need to expand the understanding of the concept of coercive control as a means in different types of crimes and contexts. This expansion could enable criminal justice institutions to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the context of abuse and reduce misconceptions and biases towards certain types of victims and crime contexts. Through literature research, it was observed that studies on coercive control are limited and focused predominantly on the dimension of gender violence. This study aims to clearly identify the concept and characteristics of coercive control, present in various contexts. It examines the possibility of applying the psychological mechanisms of coercive control not only in heterosexual relationships but also in relationships exploiting affection and dependency (e.g., parent-child, homosexual relationships) and in criminal contexts with the purpose of exploitation (e.g., human trafficking, fraud). This research aims to clarify and concretize the concept of coercive control, providing a theoretical basis for future research and practical application, and has proposed practical and policy measures.

참고문헌 (88)

  1. 국정연, "어머니가 지각한 부부갈등이 역기능적 양육의 강압적통제와 관심 부족을 매개로 유아의 행동문제에 미치는 영향", 아동과 권리, 26(2), pp.259~280 (2022)
  2. 권진숙, "데이트 폭력 여성피해자의 강압적 통제 경험", 한국간호과학회, 49(1), pp.46~58 (2019)
  3. 김가은, "폭력 허용도가 데이트 폭력 가해행동에 미치는 영향 : 강압적통제의 확대(escalation)경로를 중심으로", 한국공안행정학회보, 31(3), pp.27~60 (2022)
  4. 김정혜, "강압적 통제로서 친밀한 파트너 스토킹의 특성과 대응 방향", 여성연구, 117(2), pp.39~62 (2023)
  5. 김혜미, "심리적 지배 개념의 법적 의의와 형사법적 쟁점 검토", 형사정책연구, 34(3), pp.259~292 (2023)
  6. 민윤영, "한국의 부부간 심리적 폭력의 실태와 형사정책적 함의", 형사정책, 29(3), pp.93~125 (2017)
  7. 민윤영, "가정폭력범죄로서 강압적 통제의 법적 수용에 대한 고찰", 형사정책연구, 32(2), pp.31~67 (2021)
  8. 오세연, "사례분석을 중심으로 한 가스라이팅 범죄의 진행과정에 관한 연구", 한국융합과학회지, 10(5), pp.101~111 (2021)
  9. 오세연, "직장 내 가스라이팅 피해 및 대응 방안에 대한 연구 : 직장 내 권력거리를 중심으로", 한국범죄정보연구, 7(2), pp.129~148 (2021)
  10. 이미정, "젠더폭력에 대한 경찰의 대응방안 : 친밀한 관계의 여성 살해후 자살을 중심으로", 한국경찰학회보, 20(6), pp.219~248 (2018)
  11. 이수정, "가스라이팅 및 스토킹의 심리적 기재에 관한 비교", 한국경찰연구, 21(2), pp.211~236 (2022)
  12. 법적판단에 있어 인지적 오류와 극복 방안, "이종엽", 사법정책연구원, ~ (2020)
  13. 이재영, "조직 내의 가스라이팅 대응 모델에 관한 연구", 사회융합연구, 5(6), pp.47~54 (2021)
  14. 장지현, "배우자폭력과 아동학대의 중복발생에 대한 통합모형 연구 : 강압통제를 중심으로", 한국범죄학, 17(1), pp.27~43 (2021)
  15. 하민경, "관계중독과 범죄, 형사정책의 방향", 한국중독범죄학회보, 13(2), pp.105~122 (2023)
  16. 허민숙, ""폭력이 있었던 것은 아니지만. . . " : 친밀한 관계에서의 강압적통제와 가정폭력 재개념화를 위한 연구", 페미니즘연구, 12(2), pp.69~103 (2012)
  17. 허민숙, "국가가 초래한, 국가가 알지 못하는 위험 : 친밀한 관계에서의강압적 통제", 한국여성학, 37(1), pp.223~251 (2021)
  18. Violence and the Family. Report of the APA Presidential Task Force on Violence and the Family, "American Psychological Association", American Psychological Association, ~ (1996)
  19. Anderson, C., "The personal sense of power", Journal of Personality, 80(2), pp.313~344 (2012)[DOI]
  20. Archer, J., "Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual partners : A meta-analytic review", Psychological Bulletin, 126(5), pp.651~680 (2000)[DOI]
  21. Arenas-Arroyo, E., "Intimate partner violence under forced cohabitation and economic stress : Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic", Journal of Public Economics, 194, pp.104350~ (2021)
  22. Barlow, C., "Gender, risk assessment and coercive control: contradictions in terms?", The British Journal of Criminology, 61(4), pp.887~904 (2021)[DOI]
  23. Bartholomew, J. B., "Strength gains after resistance training : The effect of stressful, negative life events", Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(4), pp.1215~1221 (2008)[DOI]
  24. Bates, E. A., "'She convinced me I had Alzheimer’s’ : Experiences of intimate partner violence in older men", Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(4), pp.675~685 (2020)
  25. Beeble, M. L., "Abusive men's use of children to control their partners and ex-partners", European Psychologist, 12(1), pp.54~61 (2007)[DOI]
  26. Berdahl, J. L., "The sexual harassment of uppity women", Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), pp.425~437 (2007)[DOI]
  27. Callaghan, J. E. M., "Beyond “Witnessing”: Children’s experiences of coercive control in domestic violence and abuse", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(10), pp.1551~1581 (2018)[DOI]
  28. Cross, C., "Using financial intelligence to target online fraud victimisation : applying a tertiary prevention perspective", Criminal Justice Studies, 29(2), pp.125~142 (2016)
  29. Cross, C., "Challenges of responding to online fraud victimisation in Australia, trends and issues in crime and criminal justice", Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 474 (2014)
  30. Crossman K. A., "“He could scare me without laying a hand on me”: Mothers’ experiences of nonviolent coercive control during marriage and after separation", Violence Against Women, 22, pp.454~473 (2016)
  31. Cunradi, C. B., "Neighborhoods, alcohol outlets and intimate partner violence : Addressing research gaps in explanatory mechanisms", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(3), pp.799~813 (2010)[DOI]
  32. Donovan C., "Domestic violence and sexuality: What’s love got to do with it?" (2014), Policy Press
  33. Duron, J. F., "Observing coercive control beyond intimate partner violence : Examining the perceptions of professionals about common tactics used in victimization", Psychology of Violence, 11(2), pp.144~154 (2021)[DOI]
  34. Dutton, M. A., "Coercion in intimate partner violence : Toward a new conceptualization", Sex Roles, 52(11-12), pp.743~756 (2005)[DOI]
  35. Flynn. S., "Battered Woman’s Syndrome : A Tragic Reality, an Evolving Theory", Trinity Women’s Review, 3(1), pp.39~49 (2015)
  36. Frankland, A., "Coercive control in same-sex intimate partner violence", Journal of Family Violence, 29(1), pp.15~22 (2014)[DOI]
  37. Galoob, S., "Coercion, fraud, and what is wrong with blackmail", Legal Theory, 22(1), pp.22~58 (2016)[DOI]
  38. Godbout, E., "Positions taken by judges and custody experts on issues relating to the best interests of children in custody disputes in Quebec", International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 29, pp.272~300 (2015)
  39. Gou, L. H., "Coercive control during the transition to parenthood : An overlooked factor in intimate partner violence and family wellbeing", Aggressive Behavior, 45(2), pp.139~150 (2019)
  40. Harne, L., "Violent fathering and the risks to children : The need for change" (2011), Policy Press
  41. Hassouneh, D., "The influence of gender role stereotyping on women’s experiences of female same-sex intimate partner violence", Violence Against Women, 14, pp.310~325 (2008)
  42. Haselschwerdt, M. L., "Heterogeneity within domestic violence exposure : Young adults’ retrospective experiences", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(7), pp.1512~1538 (2019)[DOI]
  43. Hawkswood, J., "National Trading Standards (NTS) Scams Team ‘Coercion and control in financial abuse; learning from domestic abuse’", National Trading Standards, ~ (2022)
  44. Heward-Belle, S., "The diverse fathering practices of men who perpetrate domestic violence", Australian Social Work, 32, pp.374~389 (2016)
  45. Hines, D. A., "Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in men who sustain intimate partner violence: A study of help seeking and community samples", Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 12(2), pp.112~127 (2011)
  46. Hines, D. A., "A self-report measure of legal and administrative aggression within intimate relationships", Aggressive behavior, 41(4), pp.295~309 (2015)[DOI]
  47. Houston, E., "Intimate partner abuse among gay and bisexual men : risk correlates and health outcomes", Journal of Urban Health, 84(5), pp.681~690 (2007)
  48. Humphreys, C., "More present than absent : Men who use domestic violence and their fathering", Child & Family Social Work, 24(2), pp.321~329 (2019)[DOI]
  49. Johnson, M. P., "Patriarchal terrorism and common couple violence : two forms of violence against women", Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, pp.283~294 (1995)
  50. Katz, E., "Beyond the physical incident model : How children living with domestic violence are harmed by and resist domestic violence", Child Abuse Review, 25, pp.46~59 (2016)
  51. Katz. E., "Coercive control, domestic violence and a five-factor framework : Five factors that influence closeness, distance and strain in mother-child relationships", Violence Against Women, 25(15), pp.1829~1853 (2019)[DOI]
  52. Katz, L. F., "Domestic violence, emotional competence, and child adjustment", Social Development, 16(3), pp.513~538 (2007)[DOI]
  53. Katz, E., "When coercive control continues to harm children: Post‐Separation fathering, stalking and domestic violence", Child Abuse Review, 29(4), pp.310~324 (2020)[DOI]
  54. Kwong-Lai Poon, M., "Intimate partner violence in LGBTQ lives", pp.102~130 (2011), Routledge
  55. Lockhart, L. L., "Letting out the secret : violence in lesbian relationships", Journal of Interpersonal Violence3, 9(4), pp.469~492 (1994)
  56. Logan, Joseph E., "Correlates of Intimate Partner Homicide among Male Suicide Decedents with Known Intimate Partner Problems", Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 49(6), pp.1693~1706 (2019)
  57. Mackay, K., "The routledge handbook of gender and violence", pp.145~157 (2017), Routledge
  58. Marsh, I., "Criminal Justice: An Introduction to Philosophies, Theories and Practice" (2004), Routledge
  59. "Male Victims of Coercive Control: Experiences and Impact"[URL]
  60. McHugh, M. C., "Men’s experience of psychological abuse: Conceptualization and measurement issues", Sex Roles, 69(3-4), pp.168~181 (2013)
  61. Coercive control: Impacts on children and young people in the family environment, "McLeod. D.", Research in Practice, ~ (2018)
  62. Molm, L. D., "Risk and power use : Constraints on the use of coercion in exchange", American Sociological Review, 62(1), pp.113~133 (1997)[DOI]
  63. Morse, B. J., "Beyond the conflict tactics scale: Assessing gender differences in partner violence", Violence and Victims, 10(4), pp.251~272 (1995)[DOI]
  64. Nataraj-Hansen, S., "‘Should’ve known better’: Using Lerner’s belief in a just world to understand how the fraud justice network observe victims of online romance and investment frauds", International Review of Victimology (2023)[DOI]
  65. Nataraj-Hansen, S., "Why do fraud victims get blamed? Lerner’s belief in a just world and its application to victims of online fraud", Journal of Financial Crime, 30(3), pp.828~839 (2023)[DOI]
  66. "N8 Policing Research Partnership"[URL]
  67. O’Leary, K. D., "Psychological abuse in violent domestic relations", pp.3~28 (2001), Springer
  68. Peled, E., "Parenting by men who abuse women : Issues and dilemmas", British Journal of Social Work, 30(1), pp.25~36 (2000)[DOI]
  69. Pence, E., "Education groups for men who batter: The Duluth model" (1993), Springer
  70. Pierro, A., "Motivated compliance with bases of social power", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(7), pp.1921~1944 (2008)[DOI]
  71. Raby, K., "The myth of the ‘Ideal offender’ : Challenging persistent human trafficking stereotypes through emerging australian cases", Anti-Trafficking Review, 18, pp.13~32 (2022)[DOI]
  72. Randle, A., "A review of the evidence on the effects of intimate partner violence on men", Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 12, pp.97~111 (2011)[DOI]
  73. Raven, B. H., "The bases of power and the Power", Interaction model of interpersonal influence, 2008, pp.8(1), 1~22
  74. Saloma, C. L., "Substance use and mental health disorders are linked to different forms of intimate partner violence victimisation", Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 51, pp.121~127 (2015)
  75. Schechter, S., "Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women’s Movement" (1982), South End Press
  76. Simonelli, C. J., "Psychological distress among men experiencing physical and emotional abuse in heterosexual dating relationships", Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, pp.667~681 (1998)[DOI]
  77. Staf, A. G., "How children with experiences of intimate partner violence towards the mother understand and relate to their father", Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20(1), pp.148~163 (2015)[DOI]
  78. Stanko, B., "A golden thread, a presence amongst uniforms, and a good deal of data:studying public confidence in the London Metropolitan Police", Policing and Society, 22(3), pp.317~331 (2012)
  79. Stanley, J. L., "Intimate violence in male same-sex relationships", Journal of Family Violence, 21(1), pp.31~41 (2006)
  80. Stark, E., "Coercive Control: The Entrapment of Women in Personal Life" (2007), Oxford University Press
  81. Stark, E., "Rethinking coercive control", Violence Against Women, 15(12), pp.1509~1525 (2009)[DOI]
  82. Stark, E., "Coercive Control : Update and Review", Violence Against Women, 25(1), pp.81~104 (2019)[DOI]
  83. Stein, A., "Corrupt intentions : Bribery, unlawful gratuity, and honest-services fraud", Law and Contemporary Problems, 75(2), pp.61~81 (2012)
  84. Domestic violence, child contact and post-separation violence issues for South Asian and African-Caribbean women and children: A report of findings, "Thiara, R. K.", NSPCC, ~ (2012)
  85. Turrell, S. C., "A descriptive analysis of same-sex relationship violence for a diverse sample", Journal of Family Violence, 15(3), pp.281~293 (2000)
  86. "UK HOME Office" (2013)[URL]
  87. Global report on trafficking in persons: 2012, "United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, ~ (2012)
  88. Walker, L. E., "The battered woman" (1980), Harper & Row

관련 논문AI추천

강압적 통제로서 친밀한 파트너 스토킹의 특성과 대응 방향김정혜한국여성정책연구원 · 여성연구2023 · 제117권 제2호한국의 부부간 심리적 폭력의 실태와 형사정책적 함의 - 강압적 통제론과 네크로필리아(necrophilia) 개념을 활용하여 -민윤영한국형사정책학회 · 형사정책2017 · 제29권 제3호강제된 동의, 강요된 관계 : 교제폭력 피해자의 경험을 통해 본 강압적 통제의 메커니즘과 자유 탈환을 위한 여성 행위성김효정, 유화정한국여성연구원 · 여성학논집2024 · 제41권 제1호교제폭력 규제 - 입법의 전망과 실천김대근젠더법학연구소 · 이화젠더법학2025 · 제17권 제3호교제폭력 판결문에 관한 실증적 분석: 범죄특성과 입법적 논의강소영한국피해자학회 · 피해자학연구2025 · 제33권 제2호거절살인, 친밀한 관계 폭력 규율에 실패해 온 이유: 강압적 통제 입법화 중요성과 과제허민숙젠더법학연구소 · 이화젠더법학2024 · 제16권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)

독일의 소위 리히테슈타인 및 스위스 조세포탈 사건과 그 형사법적 시사점허황pp. 7-48미국 형사사법학의 연구경향과 주요 현안홍대운pp. 49-101일본 형사정책의 주요 동향과 실무 현안배상균pp. 103-132불특정 대상 폭력에 대한 긴장 요인 중심의 범죄사회학적 해석과 예방대책노성훈pp. 135-165학교폭력에 대한 무관용주의 탈피와 비사법적 개입김혜경pp. 212-244
원문 보기