본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

구조적 정렬: 개념적 시사점과 한계

Structual Alignment: Conceptual Implications and Limitations

이태연
한국인지과학회 (The Korean Society for Cognitive Science)|2006.03|인지과학 (Korean Journal of Cognitive Science)|제17권 제1호|pp. 53-74

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

categorization범주화analogical reasoning구조적 정렬다차원 척도모형대비모형SIAM명사결합유추추리structural alignmentmultidimensional scale modelcontrast modelnoun combination
주제분류인지과학

초록

유사성은 인지구조와 그 처리과정을 설명하는 중요한 개념으로 알려져 있으며 유사성 비교과정을 설명하기 위해 제안된 대표적인 초기모형으로는 다차원 척도모형(Shepard, 1964; Nosofsky, 1991)과 대비모형(Tversky, 1977)이 있다. 그러나 초기 모형에 의해 설명되기 어려운 경험적 연구결과들이 발표되면서 유사성의 개념적 타당성에 대한 의문이 제기되었다. Goldstone(1994)은 유사성이 속성차원간의 정렬과정에서 정의된다고 가정하고, 구조적 정렬 개념을 유사성을 둘러싼 개념적 논쟁들을 해결할 수 있는 유망한 대안으로 제안하였다. 본 연구에서는 우선 초기 유사성모형들의 기본 가정과 알고리즘을 개관한 후 속성차원에 대한 선택적 주의의 임의성이나 속성차원들 사이에 존재하는 상관적 구조와 같이 초기 유사성 모형들에 의해 설명되기 어려운 개념적 문제들을 살펴보았다. 그리고 SIAM(Goldstone, 1994)의 개념적 특징과 알고리즘을 알아본 후 구조적 정렬 개념이 범주화, 명사결합, 유추추리 등의 인지심리학 분야들에 어떻게 적용되었는지를 개관하였다. 끝으로 자료 주도적 처리와 대안적 처리과정의 가능성과 관련된 SIAM의 한계점을 검토하고 가능한 발전방향에 대해 논의하였다.

Abstract

Similarity has been considered as one of basic concepts of cognitive psychology which is useful for explaining cognitive structure and process. MDS models(Shepard, 1964; Nosofsky, 1991) and Contrast model(Tversky, 1977) were proposed as early models of similarity comparison process. But, there have been a lot of theoretical doubts about the conceptual validity of similarity as a result of empirical findings which could not be explained by early models. Goldstone(1994) assumed that similarity could be defined by alignment processes, and suggested structural alignment as a prospective alternative for solving conceptual controversies so far. In this study, basic assumptions and algorithms of MDS models(Shepard, 1964; Nosofsky, 1991) and Contrast model(Tversky, 1977) were described shortly and some theoretical limitations such as arbitrariness of selective attention and correlated structures were discussed as well. The conceptual characteristics and algorithms of SIAM(Goldstone, 1994) were described and how it has been applied to cognitive psychology areas such as categorization, conceptual combination, and analogical reasoning were reviewed. Finally, some theoretical limitations related with data-driven processing and alternative processing and possible directions for structural alignment were discussed.

참고문헌 (76)

  1. 이태연, "속성간의 대응이 유사성에 근거한 범주화와 규칙에 근거한 범주학습에 미치는 영향", 한국심리학회지: 실험 및 인지, (12), pp.185~200 (2000)
  2. Allen, S. W, "Specializing the operation of an explicit rule", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, (120), pp.3~19 (1991)
  3. Anderson, J. R., "The adaptive character of thought" (1991), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
  4. Armstrong, J. I, "What some concepts might not be", Cognition, (13), pp.263~308 (1984)
  5. Attneave, F, "Dimensions of similarity", American Journal of Psychology, (63), pp.516~556 (1950)
  6. Barsalou, I. W, "Ideals, central tendency, and frequency for instantiation as determinants of graded structure in categories", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, (11), pp.629~654 (1985)
  7. Bassok, M, "Object-based representations: Transfer between cases of continuous and discrete models of change", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, (21), pp.1522~1538 (1995)
  8. Bock, J. S, "The role of salience in conceptual combination", Memory and Cognition, 28(8), pp.1378~1386 (2000)
  9. Carey, S, "Conceptual change in childhood" (1985), Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books
  10. Chi, M. T. H, "Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices", Cognitive Science, (5), pp.121~152 (1981)
  11. Costello, F. J, "Efficient creativity: Constraint-guided conceptual conceptual combination", Cognitive Science, (24), pp.299~349 (2001)
  12. Dent, C. H, "The developmental importance of motion information in perceiving and describing metaphoric similarity", Child Development, (55), pp.1607~1613 (1984)
  13. Downing, P, "On the creation and use of English compound nouns", Language, (53), pp.810~842 (1977)
  14. Egeth, H. E, "Parallel versus serial processes in multidimensional stimulus discrimination", Perception & Psychophysics, (1), pp.245~252 (1966)
  15. Estes, Z, "Interactive property attribution in concept combination", Memory & Cognition, (28), pp.28~34 (2000)
  16. Falkenhainer, B, "The structure mapping engine: Algorithm and examples", Artificial Intelligence, (41), pp.1~63 (1990)
  17. Francis, W. S, "Competition in analogical transfer: When does a lightbulb outshine an army?", the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp.340~345 (1996), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
  18. Gagne, C. L, "Influence of thematic relations on the comprehension of modifier-noun combination", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, (23), pp.71~87 (1997)
  19. Gati, I, "Weighting common and distinctive features in perceptual and conceptual judgments", Cognitive Psychology, (16), pp.341~370 (1984)
  20. Gelman, "Categories and induction in young children", Cognition, (23), pp.183~209 (1986)
  21. Gentner, D., "Structural mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy", Cognitive Science, (7), pp.115~170 (1983)
  22. Gentner, D, "The mechanisms of analogical learning : Similarity and analogical reasoning", pp.242~266 (1989), New York: Cambridge University Press
  23. Getty, D. J, "On the prediction of confusion matrices from similarity judgements", Perception & Pyschophysics, (26), pp.1~19 (1979)
  24. Goldstone, R. L, "Similarity, Interactive activation, and mapping", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, (20), pp.3~28 (1994)
  25. Goldstone, R, "Time course of comparison", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition, (20), pp.29~50 (1994)
  26. Goldstone, R. L, "Relations, attributes, and the non- independence of features in similarity judgements", Cognitive Psychology, (23), pp.222~264 (1991)
  27. Goodman, N., "Seven structures on similarity : Problems and Projects", pp.437~447 (1972), New york: Bobbs- Merrill
  28. Holyoak, K. J, "Surface and structural similarity in analogical transfer", Memory and Cognition, (15), pp.332~340 (1987)
  29. Holyoak, K. J, "Component processes in analogical transfer: Mapping, pattern completion, and adaptation : Advances in connectionist and neural computation theory. Vol. 2.", pp.113~180 (1994), Norwood, NJ: Ablex
  30. Holyoak, K. J, "A computational model of analogical problem solving : Similarity and analogical reasoning", pp.242~266 (1987), New York: Cambridge University Press
  31. Handel, S, "The free classification of analyzable and unanalyzable stimuli", Perception & Psychophysics, (12), pp.108~116 (1972)
  32. Kaplan, A. S., "Alignability and prior knowledge in category learning", D, pp.2000
  33. Keil, F. C, "Concepts, Kinds, and Cognitive development" (1989), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
  34. Krumhansl, C. L, "Concerning the applicability of geometric models to similarity data: The interrelationship between similarity and spatial density", Psychological Review, (85), pp.450~463 (1978)
  35. Kemler-Nelson, D. G, "The nature and occurrence of holistic processing : Object Perception: Structure and Process", pp.357~386 (1989), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
  36. Lassaline, M. E, "Alignment and category learning", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, (24), pp.144~160 (1998)
  37. Malt, B. C, "Correlated properties in natural categories", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, (23), pp.250~269 (1984)
  38. Markman, A. B, "Analogical mapping during similarity judgements", the Twelfth Annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp.38~44 (1990), Hinsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
  39. Markman, A. B, "Structural alignment during similarity", Cognitive Psychology, (25), pp.431~467 (1993)
  40. Markman, A. B, "Similarity and alignment in choice.", Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, (36), pp.117~130 (1995)
  41. Markman, A. B, "Similar and different: The differentiation of basic level categories", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(1), pp.54~70 (1997)
  42. Medin, D. L, "Concepts and conceptual structure", American Psychologist, (44), pp.1469~1481 (1989)
  43. Medin, D. L, "Correlated symptoms and simulated medical classification", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, (8), pp.37~50 (1982)
  44. Medin, D. L, "Respects for similarity", Psychological Review, (100), pp.254~278 (1993)
  45. Medin, D. L, "Psychological essentialism : Similarity and Analogical Reasoning" (1989), New York: Cambridge University Press
  46. Medin, D. L, "Context theory of classification learning", pp.207~238 (1978), Psychological Review
  47. Medin, D. L, "Family resemblance, conceptual cohesiveness, and category construction", Cognitive Psychology, (19), pp.242~279 (1987)
  48. Murphy, G. L, "The role of theories in conceptual coherence", Psychological Review, (92), pp.289~316 (1985)
  49. Nickerson, R. S., "Binary classification reaction time: A review pf some studies of human information-processing capabilities", Psychonomic Monograph Supplements, (4), pp.275~317 (1972)
  50. Nosofsky, R. M, "Choice, similarity, and the context of classification", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, (10), pp.104~114 (1984)
  51. Nosofsky, R. M, "Attention, similarity, and the context theory of classification", Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, (115), pp.39~57 (1986)
  52. Nosofsky, R. M, "Attention and learning processes in the identification and categorization of integral stimuli", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, (13), pp.87~108 (1987)
  53. Nosofsky, R. M, "Exemplar-based accounts of relations between classification, recognition, and typicality", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, (14), pp.700~708 (1988)
  54. Nosofsky, R. M, "Stimulus bias, asymmetric similarity, and classification", Cognitive Psychology, (23), pp.94~140 (1991)
  55. Reed, S. K, "Pattern recognition and categorization", Cognitive Psychology, 3, pp.382~407 (1972)
  56. Rescorla, R. A, "A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and non- reinforcement : Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory" (1972), New York: Appleton Century-Crofts
  57. Ripoll, Thierry, "Does analogical transfer involve a term-to-term alignment?", Memory and Cognition, 31(2), pp.221~230 (2003)
  58. Ritov, I, "Differential weighting of common and distinctive components", Journal of Experimental Pscyhology: General, (119), pp.30~42 (1990)
  59. Rosch, E, "Basic objects in natural categories", Cognitive Psychology, (8), pp.382~439 (1976)
  60. Rosch, E, "Family resemblance studies in the internal structure of categories", Cognitive Psychology, (7), pp.573~605 (1975)
  61. Ross, B. H., "Reminding and their effects in learning a cognitive skill", Cognitive Psychology, (16), pp.371~416 (1984)
  62. Ross, B. H, "Category representations and the effects of interacting with instances", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, (22), pp.1249~1265 (1996)
  63. Rummelhart, D. E, "An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception", Cognitive Psychology, (23), pp.1~144 (1981)
  64. Schyns, P. G, "Categorization creates functional features", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, (23), pp.681~696 (1997)
  65. Shepard, R. N, "Attention and the metric structure of the stimulus space", Journal of Mathematical Psychology, (1), pp.54~87 (1964)
  66. Sloman, S. A, "The empirical case for two systems of reasoning", Psychological Bulletin, (119), pp.3~22 (1996)
  67. Smith, L. B, "Perceptual similarity and conceptual structure : Percepts, Concepts, and Categories" (1992), New York: North-Holland Press
  68. Smith, L. B, "A model of perceptual classification in children and adults", Psychological Review, (96), pp.125~147 (1989)
  69. Tversky, A, "Objects, Part, and categories", Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, (13), pp.169~193 (1984)
  70. Tversky, A, "Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases", Science, (185), pp.1124~1131 (1974)
  71. Tversky, A., "Features of similarity", Psychological Review, (84), pp.327~352 (1977)
  72. Tversky, A, "Similarity, separability, and the triangle inequality", Psychological Review, (89), pp.123~154 (1982)
  73. Vosniadou, S, "Analogical reasoning as a mechanism in knowledge acquisition: a developmental perspective : Similarity and analogical reasoning", pp.413~437 (1987), New York: Cambridge University Press
  74. Wason, P. C, "The psychology of deductive reasoning: Structure and content" (1972), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
  75. Wisniewski, E. J., "Construal and similarity in conceptual combination", pp.434~453 (1996), Journal of Memory and Language
  76. Wisniewski, E. J, "Relations versus properties in conceptual combination", Journal of Memory and Language, (38), pp.177~202 (1998)

관련 논문AI추천

분류에 의한 유사성 측정 알고리즘: 지정분류과제의 특성과 제약권오식인지발달중재학회 · 인지발달중재학회지2018 · 제9권 제2호개념결합 처리과정의 메타모형 제안: 지식 구조와 처리 수준을 중심으로신현정, 최민경한국심리학회 · 한국심리학회지:일반2013 · 제32권 제1호Overall Similarity Overrides Element Similarity when Evaluating the Quality of AnalogiesMáximo Trench, Nicolás Oberholzer, Ricardo A. Minervino인지과학연구소 · Journal of Cognitive Science2013 · 제14권 제3호개념결합 처리과정에 대한 관계 -기반 접근과 차원-기반 접근의 조망 차이신현정, 최민경한국인지과학회 · 인지과학2010 · 제21권 제1호통찰의 재구조화 측정을 위한 이론적 탐색한윤영한국영재교육학회 · 영재와 영재교육2014 · 제13권 제2호속성적 관점에 기반한단어 재인시의 의미 처리 가능성 연구: 연결주의 모델링남기춘, 남호성, 유희조한국인지및생물심리학회 · 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물2015 · 제27권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (3건)

지향성 탐지 과정의 뇌 활성화: 기능적 자기공명 영상연구김혜리, 이승복, 박민, 윤효운pp. 1-13한국어 어휘특성들이 기억폭에 미치는 효과박태진, 박선희, 김태호pp. 15-27표적과 방해자극의 반구간 분리가 반응간섭에 미치는 영향김민식, 손영숙pp. 29-52
원문 보기