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새로운 임신 기술과 ‘위험’, 그리고 아픈 아이들: 보조생식술 결과의 국제비교를 중심으로

New Reproductive Technologies, ‘Risks’, and Unhealthy Children : International Comparison of ART Results Reports

하정옥
한국가족학회 (The Korean Family Studies Association)|2012.07|가족과 문화 (Family and Culture)|제24권 제2호|pp. 137-181|DOI 10.21478/family.24.2.201207.005

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참고문헌

키워드

체외수정보조생식술gender politics기술 위험이식 배아 수다태 임신지구적 불균등성별 정치assisted reproductive technology (ART)in vitro fertilization (IVF)risks of technologynumber of embryos transferredmultiple pregnancyglobal disparity
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

이 논문은 새로운 임신 기술이 수반하는 ‘위험’에 대해, 특히 체외수정(IVF) 기술로 태어난 아이들 건강 조사 연구를 중심으로 살펴본다. 흔히 시험관아기로 불리는 이 기술은 불임부부에게 자신의 아이를 가질 수 있는 희망을 준 기술로 찬사를 받았고 전 세계에 널리 확산되었다. 그런데 이로부터 태어난 아이들의 건강에 대한 우려가 유럽과 북미를 중심으로 제기되었다. 이러한 우려는 아이들에 대한 추적조사 자료와 함께 실증적으로 제기되었고, 이에대한 대책으로 체외수정 시술에서 한 번에 이식하는 배아의 수에 대한 규제가 이루어졌다. 그런데 한국을 비롯하여 아시아 국가에서는 이러한 추적조사가 거의 이루어진 바 없고 한번에 이식하는 배아의 수도 그동안 별 변화가 없었다. 이와 함께 전체 출생 인구에서 다태아가 차지하는 비율은 급격히 증가하고 있다. 또 다른 한편, 전 세계적으로도 아이들에 대한연구는 많이 이루어진 반면 이 기술이 여성에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 소수의 연구가 있을뿐이다. 이러한 점에서 이 기술 ‘위험’의 인지와 대책 마련에서 지구적 불균등을, ‘위험’ 문제구성에서 성별 정치의 일면을 읽을 수 있다. 또한 무엇이 ‘위험’으로 간주되고 어떤 대책이마련되는가를 보면 기술 위험의 사회적 구성 또한 발견할 수 있다.

Abstract

This paper intends to study the risks of technology, particularly in terms of the health outcome surveys and follow-up of children born through IVF (in vitro fertilization, also known more colloquially as test-tube babies). From the early stage of IVF's development, the disabilities of children born through IVF was the key target for risk management practices,and the follow-up studies of the children born through IVF have been working through samples or complete enumeration surveys in mostly European countries. The results showed that the overall health outcomes of IVF children were relatively poorer than for other children,and the multiple pregnancies and births from multiple embryo implantations was pointed out as the main cause for this. Such an analysis result was followed by legislative or administrative regulation of the number of embryos allowed to be transferred in actual IVF practice. Risk management status differs from country to country. Since the first 'test tube baby'was born in Korea in 1985, 235,000 cases were accumulated between 1992, when official reporting began, and 2007. However, no follow-up study of the children has been conducted nor has the official regulation of the number of embryos been transferred along with the technology. Even today, the rate of transferring 4 or more embryos in an IVF procedure is more than 50% in Korea, and the ratio of multiple-births to the total number of babies born began rapidly increasing in the 2000's. I suggest that the risk of technology should be considered not just as a side effect of technological development but as an essential part of those processes. Furthermore, the social construction of the risks, which considers risk according to the locality's status of technological development, can also be observed.

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