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Active inferential processing during comprehension in poor readers

조명한|안증찬
한국인지과학회 (The Korean Society for Cognitive Science)|2006.06|인지과학 (Korean Journal of Cognitive Science)|제17권 제2호|pp. 75-102

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참고문헌

키워드

개인차문맥 효과적극적 처리 상태/방식(mode)과 소극적 처리 상태/방식인과 추리와 대비 추리
주제분류인지과학

초록

본 연구에서는 능숙 독자와 미숙 독자가 수행하는 인과 추리(because 문장 조건)와 대비 추리(although 문장 조건)를 연구하기 위해 문장검증과제를 사용하여 세 실험을 수행하였다. 외현 조건에서는 추리되는 정보가 직접 제시되었으나, 내현 조건에서는 제시되지 않았다. 각각의 조건에서 추리되는 정보를 담고 있는 검증문장이 제시되었다. 실험 1에서 능숙 독자와 미숙 독자 모두 검증문장에 정확하게 반응하였다. 이 결과는 두 집단 모두 인과 추리와 대비 추리에 필요한 언어 지식이 있음을 시사한다. 하지만 문장검증 시간에서는 두 집단간에 차이가 있었다. 미숙 독자는 because 문장과 although 문장 모두 외현 조건의 문장검증 시간이 내현 조건보다 빨랐지만 능숙 독자는 그렇지 않았다. 실험 2에서는 인과 추리를 하지 않으면 사실과 반대되는(counterfactual) 것으로 보이는 메꾸기 덩이글(filler)을 포함시켜 미숙 독자로 하여금 because 문장에 대해 인과 추리를 수행하도록 유도했다. 실험 3에서는 대비 추리를 통해서만 해소될 수 있는 메꾸기 덩이글(filler)을 포함시켜 미숙 독자로 하여금 although 문장에 대해 대비 추리를 수행하도록 유도했다. 실험 2와 실험 3의 결과는 미숙 독자가 글을 이해하는 도중에 인과 추리(실험 2)와 대비 추리(실험 3)를 하였음을 보여준다. 이러한 결과는 문맥 효과의 관점에서 논의되었다. 다른 단락(passage)이 담고 있는 모순성(anomaly)에 대한 특정한 부호화 조작이 문맥의 일부를 형성하며, 이 문맥이 잠재적으로 적절한 후속 교본(text) 처리시 진행되는 활동을 인도할 것이다.

Abstract

Three experiments were conducted using a verification task to examine good and poor readers' generation of causal inferences (with because sentences) and contrastive inferences (with although sentences). The unfamiliar, critical verification statement was either explicitly mentioned or was implied. In Experiment 1, both good and poor readers responded accurately to the critical statement, suggesting that both groups had the linguistic knowledge necessary to the required inferences. Differences were found, however, in the groups' verification latencies. Poor, but not good, readers responded faster to explicit than to implicit verification statements for both because and although sentences. In Experiment 2, poor readers were induced to generate causal inferences for the because experimental sentences by including fillers that were apparently counterfactual unless a causal inference was made. In Experiment 3, poor readers were induced to generate contrastive inferences for the although sentences by including fillers that could only be resolved by making a contrastive inference. Verification latencies for the critical statements showed that poor readers made causal inferences in Experiment 2 and contrastive inferences in Experiment 3 during comprehension. These results were discussed in terms of context effect: Specific encoding operations performed on anomaly backgrounded in another passage would form part of the context that guides the ongoing activity in processing potentially relevant, subsequent text.

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