『대승기신론』에서 선바라밀과 지관문의 상위: 선명상과의 연관성을 중심으로
Differences between Dhyāna-pāramitā and Śamatha vipaśyanā Practice in the Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith : Focusing on the Connection with Seon Meditation
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본연구는『대승기신론(大乘起信論)』(이하『기신론』)에나타난선바라밀과지관문의상위점을분석하고,이를통해현대조계종의‘선명상’개념에대한교증으로서제시하고자한다. 『기신론』에서선바라밀은‘해행발심’단계에서설해지며,지관문은‘수행신심분’의오문수행중하나로위치한다.법장(法藏,643-712)의『대승기신론의기(大乘起信論義記)』(이하『법장소』)에따르면,선바라밀은정정취의십행보살이실천하는수행이고,법성에대한깊은이해를바탕으로그에수순하며상(相)에집착하지않는특징을갖는다.반면지관문은부정취중생이정정취로나아가기위해닦는수행이며,구체적인수행방법과장애대치법을상세히제시한다. 특히법장은지관문에서진여삼매를‘바른정[正定]’으로규정하며,여타삼매수행법과구분한다.하지만동시에선지식의교화를통해세간의정[事定]도정정취로향할수있다는가능성을보인다. 이러한구조는조계종의선명상개념과상통한다.선명상에서‘선’은간화선을,‘명상’ 은다양한명상법을의미한다.간화선에서강조하는결정신(決定信)은정정취의발심과깊은관련이있다.또한다양한명상법이선지식의지도하에궁극적으로선으로향할수있다는것역시법장의해석과부합한다. 그러므로『기신론』,특히『법장소』는선명상개념의교증으로활용될수있으며,그대중화과정에서선지식의역할과발심의중요성이강조되어야함을시사한다.
Abstract
This study examines the distinctions between Dhyāna-pāramitā and Śamatha–vipaśyanā practice in the Awakening of Faith in Mahāyāna (hereafter AFM) and considers how these differences provide doctrinal support for the contemporary Jogye Order’s concept of Seon Meditation. In the AFM, Dhyāna-pāramitā is taught within the stage of “the aspiration to awakening through understanding and practice,” whereas Śamatha vipaśyanā practice appears as one of the five practices in “the aspect of practice and faith.” According to Fazang’s Commentary on the AFM (hereafter Fazangshu), Dhyāna-pāramitā is the practice of Ten-Practice bodhisattvas within the rightly-determined group and is grounded in insight into dharma-nature. Śamatha–vipaśyanā practice, by contrast, guides practitioners of the undetermined group toward the group decided for the truth. Fazang further identifies the Thusness Samādhi as “correct concentration,” while acknowledging that mundane concentration may also progress toward it under the guidance of a spiritual teacher. This structure parallels the Jogye Order’s understanding of Seon Meditation, in which Ganhwaseon is emphasized while diverse meditation methods may ultimately converge toward Seon. The AFM, especially the Fazangshu, thus offers doctrinal grounding for Seon Meditation and highlights the central roles of spiritual teachers and the arousal of the thought of enlightenment in its establishment and popularization.