이기주의, 이타주의, 자기집단중심주의: 진화론적 접근
Altruisim, Parochialism and Selfishness: An Evolutionary Approach
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초록
사회과학자들은 사회구성원들이 전체인구를 내부집단과 외부집단으로 구분하여 내부집단의 구성원끼리만 협조한다는 흥미 있는 현상을 관찰하였다. 이를 자기집단중심주의(parochialism)라고 부르는 바, 이러한 조건부 협동은 Axelrod(1984)가 정의한 조건부 협동과는 구분된다. 맞대응전략(tit-for-tat strategy)이라 불리는 Axelrod의 조건부 협동에서는 행위자의 특징이 아닌 과거 행위의 역사를 조건으로 협동이 이루어진다. 본인은 자기집단중심적 행위의 진화 가능성을 살펴보기 위하여 “항상 협동(이타주의)”, “항상 배신(이기주의)”, “국지적 협동”이라는 세 가지 유형이 분포된 국지적 교류모형(local interaction model)을 고려한다. 이 모형에서 본인은 자기집단중심적 유형의 존재가 이타주의와 이기주의의 진화에, 이타주의와 이기주의 유형의 존재가 자기집단중심적 유형의 진화에 서로 어떻게 영향을 주는지 살펴볼 것이다.
Abstract
Social scientists have observed an interesting phenomenon that players separate the whole population into two groups; insider group and outsider group, and then cooperate only with members from the insider group. This is called parochialism. Such a conditional cooperation is distinguished from the conditional cooperation of the tit-for-tat strategy Axelrod(1984) defined in the sense that cooperation is made conditional on the characteristics of players, not on their past actions. I consider an evolutionary model of local interaction in which there are three possible types of strategies, “always cooperate(altruist),” “always defect (egoist)” and “conditionally cooperate(parochialism).” In the local interaction model, I examine the effect of parochialism on the evolution of altruism together with the evolution of parochialism itself. I show that both altruism and parochialism can survive evolutionarily by each forming separated clustering.
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