1차 세계대전 군 체력단련 역사의 재조명 -미 육군 체력단련 사례를 중심으로-
The Reexamination of First World War Military Fitness Training History - the case of Fitness Training, US Army-
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[목적] 본 연구는 한국군 체육발전에 공헌하고자 1차 세계대전 미군 전투 체력단련 체계에 대한 역사적 의미를 확인하였다. [방법] 연구방법은 역대 미 육군 체육교범을 중심으로 한 문헌분석이다. [결론] 구체적으로 미군 체력단련 의미는 4단계로 나누어 정리되었다. 첫째, 1차 세계대전 참가 이전의 미군 체력단련 실태를 확인하였다. 미군은 1916년 이후부터 전쟁에 적합한 종목을 반영하여 단체체력 훈련프로그램을 개발하였고 이후 신병 훈련에 체계적으로 반영하였다. 둘째, 미군의 1차 세계대전 참전 중 체력단련 프로그램 운영과정을 확인하였다. 미군 체력 프로그램은 전쟁에 적합한 군인의 체력을 신속하게 평가할 수 있는 효과적 측정평가 방법을 제시하였다. 셋째, 1차 세계대전 이후 미군 체련단련의 변화를 확인하였다. 이 당시 미군은 민간인과 예비군을 위한 건강과 기본체력 유지에 주력하였으나 한국전쟁 이후 기초체력과 전투체력을 병행한다. 넷째, 1차 세계대전과 현재 미군의 체력훈련을 비교하였다. 제1차 세계대전이후 현재까지 미군의 체력단련은 교리 및 교범을 중심으로 발전되었지만 체계의 일관성을 유지하면서 발전하였다. 결론적으로 1차 세계대전의 미군 체력단련 체계는 현대 군 체육교리 및 체력훈련의 기틀을 제공했다는 의미를 지닌다. 즉 현재의 체력단련은 독단적이지 않고 진화한 것이며 과거로부터 이어온 군인 체력훈련 과정의 기본을 수용하였다.
Abstract
[Purpose] This study confirmed the historical significance of the First World War US Combat Strength Training Fitness System for contributing in the ROK military sports development. [Methods] This research method is literature analysis to be focused by the previous US Army Field Manuals. [Results] Concretely, The meaning of US Army fitness training was divided into four stages. First, this study confirmed the actual condition of the US Army fitness before First World War. Since 1916, US Army has developed a group physical training program applied the items suitable for the war and has systematically reflected the program in the recruitment training. Second, this study confirmed the process of operating military fitness program during the First World War. US Army physical fitness program provided an effective method to suit soldier fitness for war. Third, this study observed the fitness training changes of US Army after the First World War. At that time, US Army focused on maintaining health and basic physical strength for civilians and reserve forces, but US Army ran parallel with basal physical fitness and combat physical fitness after the Korean War. Fourth, this study compared military strength training between First World War and current US Army. Since First World War, the training of US Army has been developed around doctrine and manuals to be maintained the consistency of the system. In conclusion, US Army physical training system of First World War meant to be provided the basis of current military physical education and physical training. In other words, current fitness training is not dogmatic but has evolved, and it accommodated the basics of soldier physical training course from the past.
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