인도 지방자치에서 주민총회(Gram Sabha)에 대한 연구
Gram Sabha in India rural local self government
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인도는 1993년 헌법 개정으로 농촌지역에 지방자치제도인 빤짜야뜨 라지 제도와 그의 기초로 직접민주주의 형태의 주민총회를 도입하였다. 그러나 제도를 도입한지 20여년이 지나고 있지만 많은 주에서 지방자치단체에 기능, 인력, 재정을 이양하지 않고, 농촌사회에 존재하는 강한 카스트 및 권력구조, 주민의 제도에 대한 인식 부족 등으로 제도 도입의 이념을 실현하고 있지 못하다. 그러나 지방자치와 직접민주적인 주민총회 제도는 인도 농촌 사회의 권력구조, 여성 및 소외계층(STs/SCs)의 사회적 지위 향상, 지역 현안문제의 해결, 빈곤 등의 문제에 있어서 긍정적인 효과를 보여주고 있다. 이 연구에서는 연구결과를 바탕으로 우리가 읍・면・동 제도를 대체하여 도입하고자 하는 주민자치회의 설치와 운영에 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다.
Abstract
Due to the Constitutional Reform in 1993, Indian government has introduced both Panchayat Raj, or a local self-governing system and Gram Sabha, or a town hall meeting for direct democracy. Despite of the reform, the central government in India has not literally devolved the authority and accountability of function, personnel, finance to the local governments. In the rural India, the principles of direct democracy has not been realized due to a strong Caste system and its power structure and the public misperception of self-government. However, the paper reveals that the local self-governing system and the community meeting for direct democracy have positive effects on the modification of unbalanced power structure, the improvement in the social status for women and the underprivileged such as STs and SCs, and the settlement of local problems such as poverty issue. Finally, this study provides the strengths and weaknesses in applying the indian direct democracy model to Korea, in the case that we replace the current Administrative District such as Eup, Myeon and Dong with a new local self-governing system.
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