몽골어의 달 이름 체계
About the name types of the months in Mongolic languages
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It is mentioned that the phonological form for the word moon is traced back to the Middle Mongolian sara ‘moon’ with Dagur and Mogol exceptions, and the word for month is cognate with the word for moon in most of the Mongolic languages. The final -n addition strategy to the underlying form sara ‘month’ to make the form saran ‘moon’ is discussed. Name types of the months in Mongolic languages are summarized as:1. Middle Mongolian had at least two types of naming systems for the months before 13th century, and Mongolic languages have adopted various naming systems from Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu, and Russian for the past eight centuries, according to the sociocultural or geopolitical environments to which they belonged. 2. The older forms do not disappear completely when the new system comes, but they are still in serve for the time expressions or conception of the Mongols. Name types for the month in Mongolic languages may be summarizes as:(1) “Genitive form of the season name + beginning/middle/final + month”: Appears in the Secret History of the Mongols, and still in wide use in major Mongolic languages. (2) “Symbol for seasonal phenomenon + month”: Appears in the Secret History of the Mongols and other Middle Mongolian texts such as the Supplemented Hua Yi Yi Yu(1407). Now nobody actually remembers type 2 even even in remote area of Buryat or Ordos. (3) “Numeral(from one to twelve) + month”: Have two subtypes. Type 3-1 is “Cardinal number + month”, and appeared from the age of the Mongol domination of the China. Type 3-2 is “Ordinal number + month”, and appeared from sometime in Modern Mongolian. It is the dominant form in Khalkha and Inner Mongolian dialects. (4) Have two subtypes. Both are from Tibetan systems. Type 4-1 is “5 elements/10 colors + one of the 12 animal names + month”. Appeared first in the Čoγtu Tayǰi inscription (1624) in which types 1, 2, 3(3-1) also appear. Type 4-2 is a direct borrowing from the Qinghai dialect of Tibetan and used in the Qinghai dialect of Baoan. (5) A dialect borrowing from Manchu and still in use among some speakers of Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang dialects of the Dagur. (6) A direct borrowing from Russian, and being used among the Kalmyks and the Buryats. (7) A direct borrowing from Chinese, and being used in Dongxiang and Baoan of Gansu area.
Abstract
It is mentioned that the phonological form for the word moon is traced back to the Middle Mongolian sara ‘moon’ with Dagur and Mogol exceptions, and the word for month is cognate with the word for moon in most of the Mongolic languages. The final -n addition strategy to the underlying form sara ‘month’ to make the form saran ‘moon’ is discussed. Name types of the months in Mongolic languages are summarized as:1. Middle Mongolian had at least two types of naming systems for the months before 13th century, and Mongolic languages have adopted various naming systems from Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu, and Russian for the past eight centuries, according to the sociocultural or geopolitical environments to which they belonged. 2. The older forms do not disappear completely when the new system comes, but they are still in serve for the time expressions or conception of the Mongols. Name types for the month in Mongolic languages may be summarizes as:(1) “Genitive form of the season name + beginning/middle/final + month”: Appears in the Secret History of the Mongols, and still in wide use in major Mongolic languages. (2) “Symbol for seasonal phenomenon + month”: Appears in the Secret History of the Mongols and other Middle Mongolian texts such as the Supplemented Hua Yi Yi Yu(1407). Now nobody actually remembers type 2 even even in remote area of Buryat or Ordos. (3) “Numeral(from one to twelve) + month”: Have two subtypes. Type 3-1 is “Cardinal number + month”, and appeared from the age of the Mongol domination of the China. Type 3-2 is “Ordinal number + month”, and appeared from sometime in Modern Mongolian. It is the dominant form in Khalkha and Inner Mongolian dialects. (4) Have two subtypes. Both are from Tibetan systems. Type 4-1 is “5 elements/10 colors + one of the 12 animal names + month”. Appeared first in the Čoγtu Tayǰi inscription (1624) in which types 1, 2, 3(3-1) also appear. Type 4-2 is a direct borrowing from the Qinghai dialect of Tibetan and used in the Qinghai dialect of Baoan. (5) A dialect borrowing from Manchu and still in use among some speakers of Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang dialects of the Dagur. (6) A direct borrowing from Russian, and being used among the Kalmyks and the Buryats. (7) A direct borrowing from Chinese, and being used in Dongxiang and Baoan of Gansu area.
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