쿠빌라이 시기 친킴-아흐마드 갈등의 배경과 성격 ― 친킴의 漢化 문제에 대한 재검토 ―

Abstract

It is difficult to find historical evidence that Chinkim was a figure who had been sinicized completely having been strongly influenced by Sino culture. He had put his efforts into a variety of fields of study, refining and expanding his knowledge other than Confucianism, ever since his childhood. He selected his subordinate staff laying stress on practical knowledge and talent. Therefore, many competent non-Han Chinese people, in addition to Han Chinese, also had come under the command of him. Also, having shared the shamanism and traditions of pastoral society, he ardently believed in Tibetan Buddhism which most of Han Chinese Confucian Scholars avoided getting into. And based on open-door religious policy of the Mongolian government, he had established steady friendly relations with Taoism. Thus, he can be considered an open, multicultural figure that had diverse ethnicity, cultural, academic and religious inclination. If Chinkim’s Sinicization is denied, then such a viewpoint that the conflict between him and Ahmad is to be seen as the confrontation of political ideologies between ‘Han Law Faction’ and ‘Financial Management Faction’ also has to be reviewed. Before Khubilai conducted the affairs of state himself, actual political authority was not given to Chinkim. Therefore, the group of Han Chinese government officials whose political, economic authorities have been taken away by Ahmad established an alliance with influential Mongolian aristocrats. When the Mongolian aristocrats lost their positions by Ahmad, then they chose Chinkim as their new ally, and petitioned Khubilai for his personal rule. Since Chinkim was faced with the same situation as the group of Han Chinese government officials who was pressed by Ahmad, a coalition between the two was easily established. Chinkim who held real power after Khubilai’s personal rule conjoined with the group of Han Chinese government officials, and confronted Ahmad publicly. The main purpose of alliance between Chinkim and the Han Chinese government officials was to overthrow Ahmad, so then the conflicts between the two parties should be understood as a struggle in order to hold the reins of government, rather than the confrontation of political ideologies between ‘Han Law Faction’ and ‘Financial Management Faction.’During the confrontation between Ahmad and Han Chinese government officials with Mongolian aristocrats, Khubilai had taken a stand to support and protect Ahmad consistently. The reason for this was that he had great trust in Ahmad who had successfully established and pursued the centralization of power and the expansion policy for national revenues. Thus, after Khubilai took over the country, he had to undergo conflicts inevitably with Chinkim who had emerged as the founder of anti-Ahmad forces. The conflicts between the two parties had grown increasingly acute, and caused irreparable damage to their relations while undergoing such a series of event as Ahmad Killed→Qorqosun’s Political Dominance and Downfall→Lu Shi Rong’s Political Dominance and Downfall for merely three years. Such conflicts ended up as death of Chinkim died due to abdication crisis and it leads to Khubilai’s victory. Thus, Khubilai who always trusted and endorsed Ahmad is behind him. Therefore, the conflicts between Chinkim and Ahmad should be understood as political power struggle between the Crown Prince and Qa’an.