중국에서 蒙元史 이해의 전통과 신경향 ― “元朝史”에서 “제국사”로의 이행과 지체 ―
Tradition and New Trends to Understand the History of the Mongol-Yuan Dynasty in China ―Transition and Delay from “the History of the Yuan Dynasty” to “Imperial History”―
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This paper reviews the long-standing trajectory of the research achievements in the history of the Mongol-Yuan dynasty in China, focusing on Chinggis Qan. The Mongols called their medieval empire as “Yeke Mongol Ulus,” or the great Mongol empire. However, numerous Chinese scholars habitually names it as the “Yuan chao 元朝” and it seems to be a Chinese dynasty. This is not a strict expression academically. But the reality in China is not easy. The ideal of “da yitong 大一統”, or, great unification in Chinese history not only bound the territory and people inside the modern Chinese borderline, but also kept Chinggis Qan and his legacy close to Chinese history. It was a matter of struggle, beyond questions of historical facts. That does not change the historical facts of Chinggis Qan. However, Chinggis Qan, who came into the Great Wall, became a new symbol of China and Chinese history. With the symbolism and degradation of reportedly “Chinggis Qan’s tomb”(a shrine in reality) in Inner Mongolia, a few Mongols there, including Jinong, Tarqan and the shad Chagdarjab, a descendant of Chinggis Qan, unintentionally the Qan and his “tomb” to Han Chinese in the early twentieth century. The core of China’s perception of Chinggis Qan and the Yuan dynasty was sinicization, which did not always have the same implication. The sinicization and the Yuan dynasty was the imagination discovered in the Chinese-character and Confucian world by Han Chinese literati since the period of the Mongol empire. The heritage has been accumulated and evolved into a substance of politics, culture and thought. The ‘fragment’ of Chinese culture, which was partially realized and discovered by Han Chinese Confucian scholars in the thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries by Shizu, or the fifth emperor Qubilai, imprisoned Chinggis Qan and the Mongol empire, especially the Qa’an Ulus, as the sinicized Yuan dynasty. The shrinking of the Mongol and multifarious world “completely melted the Mongol empire into Chinese history.” The “great unifiction” of China by Chinggis Qan is now very closely linked to the Chinese national patriotism of China and its ‘national’ members. In brief, Chinggis Qan and the Yuan dynasty were a kind of ‘Utopia’ for Han Chinese people.
Abstract
This paper reviews the long-standing trajectory of the research achievements in the history of the Mongol-Yuan dynasty in China, focusing on Chinggis Qan. The Mongols called their medieval empire as “Yeke Mongol Ulus,” or the great Mongol empire. However, numerous Chinese scholars habitually names it as the “Yuan chao 元朝” and it seems to be a Chinese dynasty. This is not a strict expression academically. But the reality in China is not easy. The ideal of “da yitong 大一統”, or, great unification in Chinese history not only bound the territory and people inside the modern Chinese borderline, but also kept Chinggis Qan and his legacy close to Chinese history. It was a matter of struggle, beyond questions of historical facts. That does not change the historical facts of Chinggis Qan. However, Chinggis Qan, who came into the Great Wall, became a new symbol of China and Chinese history. With the symbolism and degradation of reportedly “Chinggis Qan’s tomb”(a shrine in reality) in Inner Mongolia, a few Mongols there, including Jinong, Tarqan and the shad Chagdarjab, a descendant of Chinggis Qan, unintentionally the Qan and his “tomb” to Han Chinese in the early twentieth century. The core of China’s perception of Chinggis Qan and the Yuan dynasty was sinicization, which did not always have the same implication. The sinicization and the Yuan dynasty was the imagination discovered in the Chinese-character and Confucian world by Han Chinese literati since the period of the Mongol empire. The heritage has been accumulated and evolved into a substance of politics, culture and thought. The ‘fragment’ of Chinese culture, which was partially realized and discovered by Han Chinese Confucian scholars in the thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries by Shizu, or the fifth emperor Qubilai, imprisoned Chinggis Qan and the Mongol empire, especially the Qa’an Ulus, as the sinicized Yuan dynasty. The shrinking of the Mongol and multifarious world “completely melted the Mongol empire into Chinese history.” The “great unifiction” of China by Chinggis Qan is now very closely linked to the Chinese national patriotism of China and its ‘national’ members. In brief, Chinggis Qan and the Yuan dynasty were a kind of ‘Utopia’ for Han Chinese people.
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