중국 알타이 지역 카작 씨족의 집체화
The Collectivization of Kazak Clans in the Chinese Altai
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Prior to the Communist takeover of Xinjiang, Kazak pastoralists in the Chinese Altai were grouped into some 17 clan groups, each with its own hereditary leaders and geographic locations. According the official Chinese narrative of social transition among Altai Kazaks, the final abolition of the Altai Kazaks' age-old feudal system came with the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang in 1949. However, it remains unclear exactly how this transition happened. Based on the author’s long-term ethnographic fieldwork and extensive archival research focusing on local Altai historical records, this paper examines the processes by which Altai Kazak clans were disrupted during collectivization in the 1950s. There are two main aspects to these disruptions. First, the Altai Kazaks were collectivized in such a way as to create administrative units (mutual help teams, cooperatives, production teams, and communes) that failed by design to align with traditional clan territories. Each collective unit included previously separate clan groups, and individual clans were broken up to be incorporated into multiple units. Second, a series of political purges in the four-year period between 1958 and 1962 specifically targeted Altai’s major clan leaders, who had not only controlled their clan members and communal pastures, but also held influential official positions throughout the Republican era and the first decade of the People’s Republic of China. After these purges, clan groups found themselves without any clear leadership or unifying force, and became increasingly scattered across the landscape.
Abstract
Prior to the Communist takeover of Xinjiang, Kazak pastoralists in the Chinese Altai were grouped into some 17 clan groups, each with its own hereditary leaders and geographic locations. According the official Chinese narrative of social transition among Altai Kazaks, the final abolition of the Altai Kazaks' age-old feudal system came with the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang in 1949. However, it remains unclear exactly how this transition happened. Based on the author’s long-term ethnographic fieldwork and extensive archival research focusing on local Altai historical records, this paper examines the processes by which Altai Kazak clans were disrupted during collectivization in the 1950s. There are two main aspects to these disruptions. First, the Altai Kazaks were collectivized in such a way as to create administrative units (mutual help teams, cooperatives, production teams, and communes) that failed by design to align with traditional clan territories. Each collective unit included previously separate clan groups, and individual clans were broken up to be incorporated into multiple units. Second, a series of political purges in the four-year period between 1958 and 1962 specifically targeted Altai’s major clan leaders, who had not only controlled their clan members and communal pastures, but also held influential official positions throughout the Republican era and the first decade of the People’s Republic of China. After these purges, clan groups found themselves without any clear leadership or unifying force, and became increasingly scattered across the landscape.
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