독립 후 키르기스스탄 초지공유제도의 성과 일례 ― 사르모굴(Sary Mogul) 마을 카샤르 주위의 공생관계 ―
Achievement and Prospect of the Community-based Pasture Management System in Post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan ― Example of Sary Mogul Village ―
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After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan immediately implemented privatization reforms, and pasturelands were also subject to long-term leases. But due to private occupation, livestock movement was restricted and the minimum mobile-units necessary for movement could not be formed, resulting in side effects such as deterioration of summer pastures as well as pastures around the settlements. For this reason, the government banned private occupation of pastures and implemented a Community-based Pasture Management System from 2010. The essence of this system is that certain villages occupy and autonomously manage pastures exclusively. Even though the new system exposed various problems that correspond to the so-called “tragedy of the commons” such as free-riding practices, but such problems have been rapidly improved over the past decade. This paper aims to reveal how pastoralists accept and adapt to this system, using the large-scale barn built in the Soviet period called ‘Kashar’, and how they resolve conflicts and contradictions within given conditions. As a result of a field study conducted in Sary Mogul village in the Pamir mountain area, the current system turned out to be more suitable for mobile pastoralism than the former one, and the stratification within the pastoralist society, which is expected to hinder the survival of the present system, turned out to be smaller than expected. In addition, in the pasture, pastoralists were responding to the current system by developing various symbiotic relationships and using them as cultural assets to manage the commons, i.e., pastures. These observations prove that pastoralists always view pasture resources from the point of view of ‘reproduction’ rather than one-time production, and that when a certain kind of institutional conditions are met, pastoralists can demonstrate their capabilities to manage common resources. And finally, the results of this study will be able to offer policy makers a new perspective in formulating policies to utilize pasture resources in the steppes of Eurasia in the future.
Abstract
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kyrgyzstan immediately implemented privatization reforms, and pasturelands were also subject to long-term leases. But due to private occupation, livestock movement was restricted and the minimum mobile-units necessary for movement could not be formed, resulting in side effects such as deterioration of summer pastures as well as pastures around the settlements. For this reason, the government banned private occupation of pastures and implemented a Community-based Pasture Management System from 2010. The essence of this system is that certain villages occupy and autonomously manage pastures exclusively. Even though the new system exposed various problems that correspond to the so-called “tragedy of the commons” such as free-riding practices, but such problems have been rapidly improved over the past decade. This paper aims to reveal how pastoralists accept and adapt to this system, using the large-scale barn built in the Soviet period called ‘Kashar’, and how they resolve conflicts and contradictions within given conditions. As a result of a field study conducted in Sary Mogul village in the Pamir mountain area, the current system turned out to be more suitable for mobile pastoralism than the former one, and the stratification within the pastoralist society, which is expected to hinder the survival of the present system, turned out to be smaller than expected. In addition, in the pasture, pastoralists were responding to the current system by developing various symbiotic relationships and using them as cultural assets to manage the commons, i.e., pastures. These observations prove that pastoralists always view pasture resources from the point of view of ‘reproduction’ rather than one-time production, and that when a certain kind of institutional conditions are met, pastoralists can demonstrate their capabilities to manage common resources. And finally, the results of this study will be able to offer policy makers a new perspective in formulating policies to utilize pasture resources in the steppes of Eurasia in the future.
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