재범과 정신건강 부적응의 위험요인 - 성인 남성 수형자와 가정폭력사범의 성장기 외상을 중심으로 -
Risk factors for recidivism and mental health distress: Focusing on childhood trauma in adult male prisoners and domestic violence offenders
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초록
본 연구는 성인남성 수형자 208명과 가정폭력사범 103명을 대상으로 성장기의 지역사회폭력과 가정폭력의 피해경험, 고위험 환경이 정신건강과 범죄행위에 영향을 주는지 살펴보았다. 구체적으로, 수형자와 폭력남편들의 정신건강 부적응 양상을 비교하고, 정신건강 부적응 수준에 과거의 어떤 형태의 외상이 영향을 주는지 조사하였다. 또 수형자 집단을 대상으로 소년범죄력 유무에 따라 정신건강과 성장기 외상경험이 어떻게 다른지 확인해 보았다. 나아가 수형자와 가정폭력 행위자의 재범행위와 관련된 요인은 무엇인지 찾아보았다. 끝으로 지역사회폭력 노출의 예측요인을 탐색하였다. 수형자들의 정신건강 부적응에 영향을 주는 요인은 고위험 환경인 것으로 나타났다. 반면 폭력남편들에게는 지역사회폭력의 피해경험이 정신건강에 역기능적으로 작용하고 있었다. 소년범죄 경력이 있는 수형자들과 없는 수형자들은 성격특질에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 소년사건에 연루되었던 수형자들은 상대집단에 비해 반사회성, 건강염려증, 분열증, 강박증, 히스테리, 우울증이 높았고, 성장과정에서 겪은 외상도 더 심각하였다. 지역사회나 가정에서의 폭력노출은 수형자들의 실형재범에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 대신 소년범죄력이 실형재범과 밀접하게 관련되어 있었다. 가정폭력사범들 경우, 지역사회폭력 피해경험이 폭력범죄를 되풀이하게 하는데 기여하고 있었다. 지역사회폭력 피해의 예측변수는 자녀폭력 피해경험으로 조사되었다. 수형자 집단에서는 고위험 환경이 또 다른 예측변수로 발견되었다. 지역사회폭력 목격을 예견하는 요인은 수형자, 가정폭력 행위자 모두에게서 고위험 환경인 것으로 확인되었다.
Abstract
This study explored the influence of exposure to both community violence and domestic violence, and cumulative risk environments during childhood on mental health as well as criminal behavior, based on an analysis of 208 adult prison inmates and 103 offenders involving domestic violence. Specifically, this study compared the patterns of mental health distress between prisoners and men who batter, and also investigated the types of trauma affecting the levels of mental health disorder. In addition, this study identified the differences in trauma experiences and MMPI clinical scale mean scores depending on whether inmates had histories of delinquency or not. The risk factors of recidivism and the predictors of community violence exposure were likewise investigated. The study shows that cumulative risk environments in childhood affected the levels of prisoners' mental health disorder. For male batterers, the experience of victimization by community violence was closely related to mental health problems. Prisoners who had delinquency histories were more likely to have high scores on psychopatic deviation, hypochondriasis, schizophrenia, psychasthenia, hysteria, and depression. They also had more severe traumatic experiences, compared to the other group. Exposure to community violence or domestic violence did not impact on recidivism for prison inmates. However, a history of delinquent activities was a strong element related to recidivism. For men who batter, the experience of victimization by community violence influenced repeated violent offenses. The experience of physical abuse by parents was a predictor related to victimization by community violence. For prisoners, the cumulative risk environment also heighten the risk for victimization by community violence. In terms of witnessing community violence, cumulative risk was the only predictor for both male inmates and batterers.
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