‘엄벌주의’는 없다?: 엄벌성과 형벌 포퓰리즘의 이론적 맥락
Is Punitiveness Really There in South Korea?: Punitiveness and Penal Populism in Theoretical Contexts
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초록
한국에서 2010년 즈음부터 “엄벌주의” 형사정책이 지속되고 있다는 주장은 더 이상 새롭지 않다. 일반적으로 한국에서 “엄벌주의”로 사용되는 영어 “punitiveness”는미국을 비롯한 ‘선진’ 민주주의 국가에서 1970년대 이후 등장한 형벌 전개를 설명하는 역사적 단어다. 이는 규범화(normalization)를 핵심으로 하는 근대적 형벌성(modern penality)이 여전히 존재하면서도, 이와 구분되는 과도한 처벌적, 침해적성격의 형벌 동향을 설명하기 위한 용어다. 해외 이론을 참조의 틀로 활용해 현재 한국 형벌을 부분적으로 설명하려는 시도는충분히 의미 있는 작업이 될 수 있다. 특히, 단순히 기존 이론들의 개념적 정의만을취하는 것이 아니라, 그것들은 어떤 사회적/지적 맥락 속에 위치하며, 그 핵심 기제및 특징은 무엇인지, 그리고 이들의 유사점과 차이점은 무엇인지 등을 충실히 이해한다면 더욱 유용할 것이다. 이 논문의 목적은 다음과 같다: 1. “엄벌주의”와 “punitiveness”라는 두 용어를 간략히 살펴본다; 2. 엄벌성(punitiveness)을 포함하여, 1970년대 이후의 형벌 전개를 설명한 해외 이론들은 구체적으로 어떤 현상을 말하고자 했던 것인지 다양한 논자들의 핵심을 기술한다; 3. 동 시기 형벌을 설명한 대표 이론인 O’Malley의 뉴라이트 형벌성(New-right penality)과 Pratt의 문명과 형벌(Civilization and punishment) 이론을 살펴본 후, 그 맥락 속에서 형벌 포퓰리즘 이론에 대해 논의한다.
Abstract
It is argued that penal developments in South Korea have been characterized by “punitiveness” since around the 2010s. The English word “punitiveness”– flexibly translated and broadly used as “엄벌주의(Eombeoljuui)” in Korea – is, in fact, historical, meant to explain the new penal developments since around the 1970s in ‘advanced’ democracies. This term explains the excessively harsh, intrusive, and punitive penal trends – coexisting with modern penality characterized by normalization, rather than replacing it. Theories formulated and established in other societies can be utilized as a frame of reference to explain the recent penal development in Korea. However, their utility can be significantly limited without careful understandings of: the mechanisms and core characteristics of the phenomena explained by those theories; the social/intellectual contexts where those are situated; and, the similarities and differences among them and, thus, different implications. The purpose of this article is: 1. to briefly discuss the definitions of the two terms “엄벌주의” and “punitiveness”; 2. to describe what has happened in the penal realm since the 1970s in advanced democracies, based on influential penal theorists; and, 3. to explain the post-1970s’ penal developments, drawing upon two major explanatory frameworks of punitiveness – “New-right penality (O’Malley, 1999)” and “Civilization and punishment (Pratt, 2002)”, and move onto discuss penal populism in this context.
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