唐 玄宗代 使臣派遣과 그 外交的 役割

Abstract

During the peaceful era of Gaewon in the Tang dynasty, King Hyeonjong made his country an international nation, succeeding the great tradition of King Taejong. Tang continued to establish many Gimijubu to the conquered countries from the era of King Taejong to the earlier times of King Gojong. But Gojong couldn't bring Ancient Tibet and the Turks under his control, and Muhu and King Jungjong continually faced a foreign crisis, so the system of Gimijubu became badly weak. It was Hyeonjong that reversed such a situation. He dispatched envoys to the foreign countries 53 times during the reign. The number diminishes to 44, if avoiding the double calculation. Most of the dispatches occurred during the era of Gaewon. There were only 4 times during the era of Cheonbo. The reduction came from the stabilization of the foreign relation and the domestic political system of prime ministers representing the northern part steered by I Rim-bo at that times. Hyeonjong more aggressively endeavored to dispatch envoys during the era of Gaewon, compared with Gojong, Muhu, and Jungjong, although he was no match for Taejong. Hyeonjong attempted to establish friendly relation with other countries, and continued to build and expand the world order of the investiture. He allowed the Turks a fair trade, so avoided the military conflict with the tribe, and maintained an amicable relation with the tribe. On the other hand Hyeonjong took a carrot and stick approach to Seorok of the Turkese tribe, with a result that the tribe accepted the investiture from Tang. This strategy went for capricious Khitan and Parhae too. Thus the world order of Tang was constructed. Hyeonjong dispatched the envoys (chaekbongsa) to give investiture to kings of other countries, and tried to construct the international order of Tang, though some countries positively demanded investiture to Tang to strengthen their domestic power. This was different from that of Taejong, who searched out and analyzed the domestic situation of the surrounding countries, such as the Turks, the Seoryeonta and the western Turks, and made internal disturbances among them through the investiture, and shook the balance of the power. And this was different from that of Gojong too, who appointed dodok and jasa to expand the so-called system of the restraint(gimije). Hyeonjong also dispatched the royal members as Anmusa to appease foreign countries, while Taejong appointed generals from foreign countries as Anmusa. This was a characteristic of the diplomacy during the reign of Hyeonjong. His rule was based upon the military power, but he didn't appeal to arms, and pursued the doctrine of the restraint. As a result, there were frequent dispatches of the envoys who formed a league or granted the imperial gifts. And higher officials of more than fifth rank were appointed as envoy, compared to Taejong during whose reign the officials of the sixth rank were appointed. Another special feature of his diplomacy is the dispatches of eunuches particularly after the era of Gaewon. They were frequently dispatched to carry out the imperial orders. This was quite different from the period before the 15th year of Gaewon.