唐 전반기 使臣의 명칭과 실제적 의미 - 招撫의 임무를 중심으로 -

Abstract

This study focuses on the meaning and the aim of Chao-fu during the early Tang dynasty concestrating on several instances made by its envoys. The word ‘Chao-fu’ goes beyond the dictionary definition. It originally meant that the emperor of China invited, encouraged, and enlightened different ethnic neighboring countries. But Chao-fu’s real role is to demand foreign relations for the establishment of the tribute system to surrounding countries. Chao-fu is divided into two types. The one is a kind of type that Tang takes a comparatively flexible attitude toward the neighboring countries, while the other is a kind of type that Tang forces the nations to accept its demands by the use of arms. Therefore, in case of the first Chao-fu type, low government officials of six-seven p'in or san-kuan(散官) and hsün-kuan(勳官) were dispatched to the countries. On the contrary, in case of the second Chao-fu type, high officials such as shang-shu(尙書), chieh-tu shih(節度使) or chiang-chün(將軍) were dispatched. In other words, when it fell into the first type, Tang did not mobilize military power, even though the Chao-fu failed. On the other hand, when it fell into the second type, Tang achieved his ends through military expedition if the Chao-fu failed. It was noteworthy that the ultimate goal of Chao-fu was to make the investiture system, but that the process of the system didn’t go smoothly in most cases of Chao-fu at the early Tang dynasty. The truth was that Japan and the ancient Tibet refused the system, while the Xueyantuo, the Western Turks and the Tuyuhun, at first, also tried to refuse the system, but was forced to accept the system facing military threats through the second Chao-fu type from Tang. To sum up, in the first half years of Tang dynasty, the system of the investiture and the tribute demanded and led by Tang had features military rather than cultural and diplomatic.