北朝期 交通路를 통한 河北地方 白玉像의 地域性 考察

Abstract

This article analyzes the regional characteristics of white marble sculptures excavated from the Hebei region, taking into consideration the northern dynasties traffic roads. Previous studies have focused on the white marble sculptures excavated from Quyang(曲陽), while only fragmentary reports on white marble sculpture from other regions have been published. Therefore, this article presents a broad analysis on the form and style depicted in white marble sculpture excavated from Linzhang(臨漳) and Gaocheng(藁城) as well as Quyang. The white marble sculptures from the Hebei regions such as Quyang, Linzhang and Gaocheng show the regional characteristics in the halos(光背) and bases decorated with Spirit Kings(神王像) Altarpiece in terms of form and style. While the white marble sculptures of Quyang are primarily characterized by boat-shaped halos(舟形光背), those from Linzhang feature a double-tree motif halo(双樹光背). In addition, the white marble sculptures in Gaocheng have both boat-shaped halos and double-tree motif halos as is seen in the Northern Qi Dynasty White Marble Altarpiece with Seated Buddhas Dated by Inscription to Heqing 1. On the other hand, Spirit Kings are not seen in the white marble sculpture excavated from Quyang and Gaocheng, and can be found primarily in the white marble sculpture of Linzhang. Therefore, in the Hebei regions, the double-tree motif halo and Spirit King are seen primarily in the white marble sculpture excavated from Linzhang, and the white marbles sculptures from Linzhang and Gaocheng are relatively large(approximately 1 meter long). The formal characteristics of the white marble sculptures of southern Hebei region excavated from Linzhang and the white marble sculptures of northern Hebei region excavated from Quyang illustrate that these sculptures were produced within a small region even within the Hebei region. On the other hand, despite its geographic proximity to Quyang, the white marble sculptures excavated from the Gaocheng area have characteristics similar to those excavated from Linzhang. This article presents historical background of sculpture production with consideration of the northern dynasties traffic roads. The northern dynasties traffic roads in the Hebei region were developed during the early Northern Wei period(北魏). These roads included Shatian road(沙泉道) connecting Pingcheng(平城) with Zhongshancheng(中山城), and the Southern route along Taixing mountain range(太行山脈). Later, in the Eastern Wei(東魏) and the Northern Qi Dynasties(北斉), Jing Xing road(井陘路) was developed, which connected Tai yuan(太原) with Ye(鄴, the capital city) and crossed the Taixing Mountain Range. Therefore, in the Hebei regions, the development of traffic roads by each of the northern dynasties was closely related to the locations of the aforementioned white marble sculptures. Specifically, Quyang, located along the traffic roads developed during the Northern Wei period, has many excavated white marble sculptures dated to the Northern Wei period. Linzhang, a capital of both the Eastern Wei Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty, has excavated white marble sculptures after Eastern Wei Dynasty age. Gaocheng, located along the traffic roads connecting Taiyuan with Linzhang, has excavated white marble sculptures produced during the Eastern Wei Dynasty to the Northern Qi Dynasty. The prevalent styles in Taiyuan and Linzhang were likely introduced to Gaocheng through the traffic roads. The studies presented in this article indicate that Quyang, Linzhang and Gaocheng , three areas in Hebei regions, can be classified as a small region in terms of the form of white marble sculpture that is closely related to the development of traffic roads. I believe that such viewpoints will provide a different perspective on the diversity of the white marble sculptures of the Hebei style, coupled with the understanding of the regional characteristics of a small region, and furthermore, provide the standards for evaluating many of white marble sculptures from unknown locations and production sites.