근대 동아시아 마거릿 생어의 산아제한 담론 수용- 1922년 마거릿 생어의 중ㆍ일 방문을 중심으로 -

Abstract

Margaret Sanger (1879-1966) is a American birth control movement activist, visited Japan and China in 1922. Margaret Sanger’s birth control discourse has been intricately intertwined with socialism, sex science, maternalism, neo-malthusianism and Eugenics. She co-ordinated with the eugenics and capitalist groups When she visited Japan and China. In the 20th century, Japan and China faced various social contradictions due to overpopulation. For this reason, the intellectuals of both countries raised the Sanger as a Malthusian, and welcomed birth control as an economic means of solving the problem of overpopulation, poverty and unemployment. However, Margaret Sanger emphasized the female liberation aspect of birth control when visiting Japan, and emphasized the eugenics aspect in China. In the end, the acceptance of the birth control discourse in Japan and China made public the issue of 'sexuality' along with the interest in the population problem. In addition, the intellectuals of both countries raised 'Voluntary Motherhood' and 'Eugenics' as the rules of new reproduction, and discussed the social role of maternity and the issue of national improvement. Margaret Sanger was first used the term 'Birth Control' has been translated in terms of birth control (産兒制限) in Japan. There was a sense of numerical control that can limit your child. And 'scientific' and 'Western' and 'moral' meaning has been added. China has accepted the translation of birth control in Japan. But since there was more use of the term 生育節制 or 節育. There was a sense that implies a reasonable economic situation of parents plan for their children. However, in the case of China it is scientific, moral meaning has been added too. Therefore, the two countries birth control is called 'scientific' and 'moral' reproductive control act. The occasion of the visit of Margaret Sanger in China and Japan have been actively discussing birth control. Intellectuals thought birth control in four dimensions, that is women's liberation and new sexual morality and population control and improved races. With regard to women's liberation, it was highlighted this aspect of maternal self-determination. In fact, Margaret Sanger argued that women can birth control, she was more fully exert the motherhood. She argued, if women make birth control, the mother get the temporal and emotional free, so she can better afford to raise the children. Therefore, maternal self-determination support the motherhood ideolog rather than to deny pregnancy childbirth. When visiting China and Japan, Margaret Sanger emphasized the eugenic aspects of birth control. So the intellectuals were thinking, Birth Control is a useful way of improving the race. As a result, in China and Japan, birth control were associated with eugenics, it was pursued nationalist goals. Therefore, in China and Japan, birth control discourse did not creation of modern sexuality, it fell to eugenic promote means that were improve the quality of population.