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1920년대 초 중국 『부녀잡지(婦女雜誌)』의 산아제한담론 분석 ― 서구 인구담론의 ‘문명론’적 수용방식을 중심으로

The Population Discourse and Birth Control Debates in China in the 1920s through The Ladies' Journal : A Critical Analysis on the Accepting Attitudes of Western Discourse on Population through the Logic of Civilization

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주제분류중국어와문학

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This article addresses the debates over population-as-crisis andbirth control in China in the 1920s that emerged as major issuesin social reform discourses, to understand their meaning tocontemporary Chinese intellectuals from the history of attitudetoward population and to analyze the discussions about ‘modern’methods of contraception for birth control. Malthus’ theory ofpopulation played a definite role for contemporary Chinese societyto view the quantitative increase of population as a subject of‘control’ rather than as the increase of ‘productive forces’. Based onthe perception of overpopulation as crisis, intellectuals ascribed thepoverty and backwardness of Chinese society to overpopulation and advocated the ‘birth control arguments’ for small-size familiescomposed of husband and wife at the center plus two or threechildren, following the model of Western bourgeois family. Incontrast, nationalist intellectuals ascribed the poverty to imperialistinvasions of the West rather than to overpopulation, and advocateddevelopment through making good use of other resources withpopulation growth unrestricted. Advocates of birth control regarded Western methods ofcontraception as ‘scientific’ for they prevented in advance andcriticized abortion for being savage, identifying it with homicide. The influence of the theory of population and birth controlarguments on Chinese society is ambivalent. Combined witheugenics, on the one hand, they justified the elimination of theunfit, disparaging the lower classes prolific of children for beingsexually intemperate and transmitting inferior genes, but, on theother hand, they opened a new horizon for thoughts that humanreproduction could be a matter of individual ‘choice’. Nonetheless,the birth control arguments of that day approached the populationproblem from the perspective of ‘time’ only, failing to catch it fromthe perspective of ‘space’, which can be ascribed to the inferioritycomplex innate in their logic of civilization.

Abstract

This article addresses the debates over population-as-crisis andbirth control in China in the 1920s that emerged as major issuesin social reform discourses, to understand their meaning tocontemporary Chinese intellectuals from the history of attitudetoward population and to analyze the discussions about ‘modern’methods of contraception for birth control. Malthus’ theory ofpopulation played a definite role for contemporary Chinese societyto view the quantitative increase of population as a subject of‘control’ rather than as the increase of ‘productive forces’. Based onthe perception of overpopulation as crisis, intellectuals ascribed thepoverty and backwardness of Chinese society to overpopulation and advocated the ‘birth control arguments’ for small-size familiescomposed of husband and wife at the center plus two or threechildren, following the model of Western bourgeois family. Incontrast, nationalist intellectuals ascribed the poverty to imperialistinvasions of the West rather than to overpopulation, and advocateddevelopment through making good use of other resources withpopulation growth unrestricted. Advocates of birth control regarded Western methods ofcontraception as ‘scientific’ for they prevented in advance andcriticized abortion for being savage, identifying it with homicide. The influence of the theory of population and birth controlarguments on Chinese society is ambivalent. Combined witheugenics, on the one hand, they justified the elimination of theunfit, disparaging the lower classes prolific of children for beingsexually intemperate and transmitting inferior genes, but, on theother hand, they opened a new horizon for thoughts that humanreproduction could be a matter of individual ‘choice’. Nonetheless,the birth control arguments of that day approached the populationproblem from the perspective of ‘time’ only, failing to catch it fromthe perspective of ‘space’, which can be ascribed to the inferioritycomplex innate in their logic of civilization.

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