明代 驛傳制度와 韓中關係에서 符驗의 意味 ― 홍무연간을 중심으로 ―

Abstract

This paper analyzes that housed in the National Museum of Korea, “the horse requisition cloth (Deoksu 1784)” to organize Postal delivery system(驛傳制度) of th e Ming(明) and analyzes the historical meaning of buheom in Korea-China relations. Hongwu emperor(洪武帝) tried to govern the Ming by establishing a centralized ruling system based on the emperor in the chaotic period, which was replaced by the Ming from Yuan(元). As a part of the ruling system, Hongwu emperor established an administrative system with the emperor as the peak, and refined the official system including the Emperor's document. In order to efficiently control the Ming composed of vast territories and various powers, Hongwu emperor imitated the system of the Yuan and provided a postal delivery system for the propagation and reporting of the Emperor's orders. During the reign of Hongwu emperor, the Ming's postal delivery system consisted of Horse post(馬驛), Water Post(水驛), Water horse post(水馬驛), Delivery station(遞運所). The postal delivery system was the foundation for the public service, but when the problem of the postal delivery system was exposed due to the expansion of the support of the postal delivery, the difficulty of the station, and the forces and the crews, Hongwu emperor limited the use of the postal delivery system to the public affairs and taken measures such as tax exemption. In this process, the postal delivery system has been expanded and changed, and its political, administrative, military and economic roles have gradually expanded. The Buheom(符驗) as a certificate of use of the postal delivery system was a document issued in the name of the emperor. Because it was issued in a strictly limited scope, it has been used forged documents. The Koryo and Joseon dynasties, which are included in the Ming-centered world order, dispatched envoy for the sake of a good relationship, at this time the Buheom was an essential document. Hongwu emperor, who had pursued the Ming-centered world order, informed the founding of the Ming in Koryo and forced them to tribute to the Ming. King Kongmin(恭愍王) of Koryo formed diplomatic relations between Koryo and Ming, but after Kongmin King died, Koryo and Ming conflicted with conflicts. Hongwu emperor oppressed for consideration with the diplomatic coercion, and Koryo tried to resume diplomacy. In the end of king woo(禑王), the Koryo and Ming dynasties recovered, and Koryo began dispatching envoys to the Ming. At this time, Koryo returned buheom to the northern Yuan(北元) and demanded new buheom of the Ming. Hongwu emperor also hoped for a relationship with Koryo by paying an buheom to Goryo. The newly established Joseon sought to govern the country in a stable in the Ming-centralized world order. For this purpose, the diplomatic relations between the Joseon and Ming had to be maintained. Joseon sought to resolve the diplomatic problems between Joseon and Ming by dispatching envoys. The buheom was a testimony to the dispatch of Joseon envoys and was also important in that it was an emperor's document issued in the name of the emperor.