秦漢傳世文獻所見之醫療巫術考察
A Research on the Shamanistic Medical Activities of the Traditional Chinese Classics in the Qin and Han Dynasties
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本文主要論點, 則運用秦漢傳世文獻的記載, 探討秦漢時期醫療巫術的情形, 並審視有何特徵. 於秦漢時期, 醫雖已確有專門化、職業化的性質, 然而在秦漢社會中, 仍未盡脫離古人巫醫之思想. 換言之, 於秦漢時期, 此種專業醫療治病的知識, 與迷信治療的方法常交織一繫, 遂成爲古代巫者擔當的重要職責之一. 由此亦可知, 以巫術之法療疾的情形, 尙普遍存在於秦漢社會之中. 本文則以占卜問病、祝由之術、逐疫除凶、治蠱之法等四項重要特色爲主, 討論秦漢傳世文獻所見的醫療巫術的內容.
Abstract
Objective : The main idea of this article is to investigate the shamanistic medical activities through the traditional Chinese classics in the Qin and Han Dynasties. The ancient shaman played a bridge role between human beings and supernatural things like ghosts. Even though he didn't have the super power, the ancients believed that he could take care of all kinds of illness. Therefore, it can be said that the medicine of the Qin and Han Dynasties was still under the shamanism although it had already started to be specialized and professionalized from Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Method : This article is going to look into the detailed aspects of the shamanistic medical activities, for example, divination of illness, Zhuyou(祝由), shamanistic preventive medicine, method of treating poison, and so on, through the traditional Chinese classics of Qin and Han Dynasties. Result : The medical knowledge of that time stayed in the early stage, so it was simple and raw. Also it had scientific and unscientific characters in itself at the same time. That's why it could be included in the shamanism. Conclusion : From beginning of the Eastern Zhou period, the medicine gradually got to be specialized. And then specialized medical treatments and shamanistic medical activities began to be divided as the different two occupations. However, it is an unchangeable truth that the ancient shaman, especially in the Qin and Han Dynasties, played an important role in the Chinese traditional medicine too. Therefore, it can be said that he was in the very special position in the Chinese traditional medicine.
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