晏陽初 鄕村建設運動의 超國的 擴散과 그 含意

Abstract

Yen Yangchu(晏陽初, 1983-1990), better known in the West as James Yen(Y.C. James Yen), was a significant Chinese activist both in mass education movement and rural reconstruction movement in China and had considerable international influence. While participating in World War I, he started his career leading a literacy education for the Chinese workers in France, and it developed to a general education for commoners. Later on, his aspiration for mass education shifted to a rural reconstruction movement. It is noteworthy that the experiment in Dingxian(定縣), Hebei province(河北省) was successful enough to attract the interest of Nanjing Nationalist government and the Dingxian model was adopted to construct local county administration. This paper focuses on his activities in the period of the Chinese Civil War and the Cold War. It was reviewed that the process how Yen firstly managed to expand the Dingxian experiment nationwide, and then promote further beyond national boundaries to Southeast Asia, South America, and India at a time of historic turbulence. In order to understand the background how his transboundary independent activities were available, Chapter 2 illuminates the formation of his view on mass education by focusing on the Association of Promoting Mass Education and the experiment in Dingxian. It was confirmed that the characteristics of his view of mass education, represented by the 3Cs (Christianity, Coolie, Confucius), contained attributes that cross the borders. In fact, the activities of Yen and the Association of Promoting Mass Education can be evaluated as a model of civilian support in the process of modernization of rural areas after the war that showed certain achievements. In Chapter 3, the detailed aspects of activities beyond the provincial boundary were reviewed. In particular, the financial aid required for the activities was mainly from the United States, and the political backup was sought from the inside, and the attempt to substantiate the ideal of the Association of Promoting Mass Education were verified as characteristic features. The reason can be understood that he was keenly mindful of the politicization of academics, thus tried to maintain a certain distance while cooperating with the government in implementing mass education widely in rural villages. Lastly, Chapter 4 was alloted to the process of spreading the Dingxian experience to other parts of the world. The experience of the Dingxian experiment became a reference for US aid policy after the Cold War on rural development in China and Asia, and the process of spreading it to the Philippines and the Third World through Yan's activities was examined. Through the review, Yen's intention to maintain a certain distance while using state power, the specific activities of the rural reconstruction movement he carried out, and its implications and limitations were confirmed.