To Raise or Not to Raise: A Corpus Study of Raising-to-Object in Korean
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This article examines the variation displayed by believe-type verbs between the complement clause involving Raising-to-object (RtO) and the complement clause without raising in Korean. Through a corpus study on the distribution of the complement clauses of the verb sayngkakha- 'think', we demonstrate that the choice between the two types of complement clauses is strongly affected by the contrastiveness of the proposition expressed by those clauses. Going one step further, we also provide a possible explanation for why the two types of complement clauses are distributed the way they are. We propose that the pattern of complement choice observed in the corpus data reflects the speaker's attempt to balance between processing cost and discourse function. In particular, it is shown that the balance between processing cost and discourse function can correctly predict the gradient pattern of complement choice, while offering a unified explanation for the effect of contrastiveness on complement choice and the 'characteristic property' condition on RtO.
Abstract
This article examines the variation displayed by believe-type verbs between the complement clause involving Raising-to-object (RtO) and the complement clause without raising in Korean. Through a corpus study on the distribution of the complement clauses of the verb sayngkakha- 'think', we demonstrate that the choice between the two types of complement clauses is strongly affected by the contrastiveness of the proposition expressed by those clauses. Going one step further, we also provide a possible explanation for why the two types of complement clauses are distributed the way they are. We propose that the pattern of complement choice observed in the corpus data reflects the speaker's attempt to balance between processing cost and discourse function. In particular, it is shown that the balance between processing cost and discourse function can correctly predict the gradient pattern of complement choice, while offering a unified explanation for the effect of contrastiveness on complement choice and the 'characteristic property' condition on RtO.
참고문헌 (50)
- Almor,Amit, "Noun-phrase anaphora and focus: The information load hypothesis", Psychological Review, 106, pp.748~765 (1999)
- Ariel,Mira, "Accessing Noun-Phrase Antecedents" (1990), Routledge
- Arnold,Jennifer, "Reference Form and Discourse Patterns", 박사, pp.1998
- Biber, Douglas, "Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English" (1999), Longman
- Callies, Marcus, "Easy to understand but difficult to use? Raising constructions and information packaging in the advanced learner variety" (2008), Linking up Contrastive and Learner Cor
- Chafe,Wallace, "Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subject, topics and point of view, Subject and Topic", pp.25~56 (1976), Academic Press
- Chen,Marina Y.-C., "English prototyped small clauses in the interlanguage of Chinese", Taiwanese adult learners, 2005, pp.21, 1~33
- Chomsky,Noam, "Lectures on Government and Binding" (1981), Foris
- Eckman,Fred, "On the explanation of some typological facts about raising", Current Themes in Linguistics, pp.195~214 (1977), Halsted Press
- Eckman,Fred, "A functional-typological approach to second language acquisition theory, Handbook of Second Language Acquisition", pp.195~211 (1996), Academic Press
- Giv?, Talmy, "Syntax", An Introduction, 2 (2001), John Benjamins
- Gordon, Peter, "Pronouns, names and the centering of attention in discourse", Cognitive Science, 17, pp.311~311 (1993)
- Gundel,Jeanette, "The Role of Topic and Comment in Linguistic Theory" (1976), Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington, Indiana
- Gundel, "Cognitive status and the form of referring expressions in discourse", Language, 69, pp.274~307 (1993)
- Hawkins,John, "A Comparative Typology of English and German: Unifying the Contrast" (1986), Croom Helm
- Hiraiwa,Ken, "Indeterminate agreement and raising in Japanese", the 21st Annual Meeting of West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (2002)
- Hoji,Hajime, "Raising-to-object, ECM and the major object in Japanese", the Japanese Grammar Workshop (1991), University of Rochester
- Hoji,Hajime, "Major object analysis of the so-called raising-to-object constructions in Japanese", New Horizons in the Grammar of Raising and Control Workshop (2005), Harvard University
- Hong,Ki-Sun, "Subject-to-object raising in Korean, Grammatical Relations: A Crosslinguistic Perspective", pp.215~225 (1990), CSLI Publications
- Hong,Soo-Min, "Exceptional Case Marking and Resultative Constructions", 박사, pp.2005
- Kellerman,Eric, "The problem with difficulty", Interlanguage Studies Bulletin, 4, pp.27~48 (1978)
- Kiss,Katalin, "Identificational focus versus information focus", Language, 74, pp.245~273 (1998)
- Ko,Eon-Suk, "A discourse analysis of the realization of objects in Korean", Japanese, 2000, pp.9, 195~208
- Kortmann,Bernd, "Kontrastive linguistik und fremdsprachenunterricht", pp.136~167 (1998)
- Kuno,Susumu, "Functional sentence perspective: A case study from Japanese and English", Linguistic Inquiry, 3, pp.269~320 (1972)
- Kuno,Susumu, "The Structure of the Japanese Language" (1973), MIT Press
- Kuno,Susumu, "Subject raising", Syntax and Semantics, 5, pp.17~29 (1976), Academic Press
- Lakshmanan, Usha, "The status of CP and the tensed complementizer that in the developing L2 grammars of English", Second Language Research, 10, pp.25~48 (1994)
- Lambrecht,Knud, "Information Structure and Sentence Form, Topic, Focus and Mental Representations of Discourse Referents" (1994), Cambridge University Press
- Lee,Hanjung, "Iconicity and variation in the choice of object forms in Korean", Language Research, 42, pp.323~355 (2006)
- Lee,Hanjung, "Focus types and gradients in Korean case ellipsis", Language and Information, 12 (2008)
- Lee,Jeong-Shik, "Case Alternations in Korean: Case Minimality", 박사, pp.1992
- Lee, Sungbom, "A pragmatic analysis of accusative case-marker deletion", Discourse and Cognition, 13, pp.69~89 (2006)
- Legenhausen, Lienhard, "Kontrastivierung ausgew?lter Strukturen im Englischen and Deutschen, Handbuch Englisch als Fremdsprache", pp.133~139 (1995), Erich Schmidt Verlag
- Noel,Dirk, "The choice between infinitives and that-clauses after believe", English Language and Linguistics, 1, pp.271~284 (1997)
- Postal,Paul, "On Raising: One Rule of English and Its Theoretical Implications" (1974), MIT Press
- Prince,Ellen, "A comparison of topicalization and left-dislocation in discourse", the Annual Meeting of the LSA (1983)
- Prince,Ellen, "The ZPG letter: Subjects, definiteness and information status, Discourse Description: Diverse Analyses of a Fundraising Text", pp.295~325 (1992), John Benjamins
- Reinhart,Tanya, "Pragmatics and Linguistics: An Analysis of Sentence Topics" (1982), Indiana University Linguistics Club, Bloomington, Indiana
- Selinker,Larry, "Language transfer and fossilization: The multiple effects principle, Language Transfer in Language Learning", pp.197~216 (1992), John Benjamins
- Shin, Hyun-Sook, "A semantic study of the accusative marker '-lul'", Korean Journal of Linguistics, 7, pp.119~139 (1982)
- Sperber,Dan, "Relevance: Communication and Cognition" (1995), Blackwell
- Strawson,Peter, "Identifying reference and truth values", Theoria, 30, pp.96~118 (1964)
- Tanaka, Hidekazu, "Raising to object out of CP", Linguistic Inquiry, 33, pp.637~652 (2002)
- Vallduv? Enric, "On rheme and kontrast, The Limits of Syntax", pp.79~108 (1998), Academic Press
- Yoon,James H., "Some queries concerning the syntax of multiple nominative constructions in Korean", Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics, 2, pp.138~162 (1987), Hanshin
- Yoon,James H., "Non-nominative (major) subjects and case stacking in Korean, Non-nominative Subjects", pp.275~324 (2004), Mouton de Gruyter
- Yoon, James H., "Raising of major arguments in Korean (and Japanese)", Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 71, pp.71~107 (2007), Springer
- Yoon,Jeong-Me, "ECM and multiple subject constructions in Korean", Harvard Studies in Korean Linguistics, 3, pp.369~382 (1989), Hanshin
- Yoon,Jeong-Me, "The Syntax of A-Chains: A Typological Study of ECM and Scrambling", 박사, pp.1991
