고대 동아시아 문학 속의 향가 -향가와 『萬葉集』의 표기법과 歌論 비교를 중심으로-

Abstract

This paper discussed descriptive method and theory of poem of Hyang-ga focused on the comparison with Japanese 『Manyoshu(萬葉集)』the in context of ancient east Asian literature. Main findings are as follow. First, Hyang-ga and works in Manyoshu have in common in that they used descriptive method of a pseudonym, borrowing the pronunciation and the meaning of Chinese character and then arranging the order to suit for their own word(i.e., Hyangchal and Manyogana). paper argued that Chinese character and Hyangchal-like descriptive method were transmitted from Baikje and Silla of Korea to Japan and that descriptive method of Hyang-ga affected Manyoshu's pseudonym of Japan. The argument is based on the ground that doctors and technicians of Baikje transmitted Hyangchal-like descriptive method to Japan in mid-fifth century, Japanese monks studied in Silla, and that many of phonetical letter used in Hyang-ga coincide with pseudonymous use of Manyoshu's works. Second, differences between Hyangchal and Manyogana are also found. Manyogana contains comic books since Manyoshu has a comic nature, while Hyang-ga does not. Hyang-ga does not have any Hyangchal work of one-letter-one-sound description, while Manyoshu have many such works. Hyang-ga works describe orderly to Korean words, while Manyoshu works use Chinese description jointly. Manyoshu utilized pictographic nature of Chinese letter and regarded visual effect in case of using Chinese sound. Hyang-ga adds a consonant at the end of a syllable, while Manyoshu does not. Third, aspects of theory of poem in Hyang-ga and Manyoshu are examined. Although both Korean and Japanese studies refer to Chinese literary theory like the book of 『Mosi』, Chinese affects are modified. In Korean case, Hyang-ga is referred to in comparison with a panegyric(頌). Monk Il-yeon inevitably thought this way because of that Hyang-ga, many of them are works of Buddhistic nature, has a strong religious nature and that the time was Mongolian dominative period. There is no reference on theory of poem in Manyoshu. A pseudonym of 『Gokinwakashu(古今和歌集)』is affected from 『Book of Odes詩經』and 『Selection of Literary Works文選』 Use of words in Manyoshu and 『Book of Odes』shows effects of『Book of Odes』 on Manyoshu. It is therefore estimated that theory of poem in 『Book of Odes』 and 『Selection of Literary Works』had influenced Manyoshu. Manyoshu contains many works of stressing both poetical prose and human relations between the ruler and the ruled, man and wife, and lovers. In formal aspect, Manyoshu affected to the form of the combination of Japanese Chouka and Hanka. These differences are attributed to the Japanese system of the Emperor.