Reevaluating Foreigner Talk: The Use of Josa Particles in Korean Conversations with Native and Non-native Speakers
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Foreigner Talk (FT) refers to the speech modification of native speakers when addressing interlocutors perceived as less proficient in the native language. Although Foreigner Talk has been the focus of English-centered research, Korean FT remains underexplored. Despite the scarcity of research exploring Foreigner Talk in Korean, omission of case particles (josa) has been described as a noticeable FT feature. However, case particle omission also occurs in native–native interaction, calling into question whether this phenomenon is truly FT-specific. This study quantitatively compares subject, object, and topic markers across three settings: (1) native speaker–native speaker, (2) native speaker–foreigner with no Korean proficiency, and (3) native speaker–foreigner with high Korean proficiency. Data was elicited with a controlled asking-for-directions task and annotated for josa frequency and proportional usage. Analyses included match-mismatch comparison of expected versus realized particles and nonparametric inferential statistics. Results show that omission is not a unique feature of Foreigner Talk, rather, it is part of a broader discourse mechanism and is modulated according to perceived listener competence.
Abstract
Foreigner Talk (FT) refers to the speech modification of native speakers when addressing interlocutors perceived as less proficient in the native language. Although Foreigner Talk has been the focus of English-centered research, Korean FT remains underexplored. Despite the scarcity of research exploring Foreigner Talk in Korean, omission of case particles (josa) has been described as a noticeable FT feature. However, case particle omission also occurs in native–native interaction, calling into question whether this phenomenon is truly FT-specific. This study quantitatively compares subject, object, and topic markers across three settings: (1) native speaker–native speaker, (2) native speaker–foreigner with no Korean proficiency, and (3) native speaker–foreigner with high Korean proficiency. Data was elicited with a controlled asking-for-directions task and annotated for josa frequency and proportional usage. Analyses included match-mismatch comparison of expected versus realized particles and nonparametric inferential statistics. Results show that omission is not a unique feature of Foreigner Talk, rather, it is part of a broader discourse mechanism and is modulated according to perceived listener competence.