『반지의 제왕』에 나타난 아우구스티누스 읽기
Reading Augustine in The Lord of the Rings
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불완전한 인간 본성을 치유하고 전쟁으로 대변되는 타락한 자연을 구원하려는 신의 섭리의 작용을 드러내기 위해 톨킨(J.R.R. Tolkien)은 일생을 『반지의 제왕』(The Lord of the Rings) 저술에 헌신했다. 문제는 세계 구원의 해답으로 톨킨이 제시한 신의 섭리가 보편적 진리 체계로서 그 객관성과 항구성을 확보할 수 있는가 하는 점이다. 본 논문은 인류 역사 구원의 문학으로서 톨킨이 『반지의 제왕』에 구현하고자 했던 신의 섭리가 항구성을 지닌 객관적, 보편적 진리로 작용하는 데 있어 결정적 걸림돌로 작용하고 있는 아우구스티누스(Augustine)의 종교 사상을 보수적 여성성과 남성 독신주의, 그 이분법적 한계를 중심으로 읽어내는 데 집중할 것이다. 아우구스티누스의 금욕주의를 바탕으로 자기희생적 사랑의 실현을 통해 평화주의를 구현한다는 톨킨의 종교적 진리 체계는 여성 일반을 종교적 구원을 실현할 수 있는 독자적 능력이 결핍된 집단으로 설정하고 종교적 위계질서 구조에서 배제함으로써 그 보편성의 한계를 드러낸다. 또한 신과 하나의 전체를 이루며 세상을 구원하기 위한 사랑을 구체화는 기독교 영웅을 프로도(Frodo)로 대표되는 사제로서의 독신 남성에 국한시킴으로써, 기독교적 진리의 남성 일반, 나아가 인류 일반으로의 보편화 가능성에 있어서도 그 한계를 드러낸다.
Abstract
In J.R.R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings, the nature of the world human beings have lived in so far is portrayed as a fallen land of original sinners. As a modern writer who had had hands-on experiences of both World Wars, Tolkien answered an urgent call for new literary solutions to save and reinvigorate the world of corrupt war by creating a Christian hero who performs acts of godly love in his universal self-sacrifice. While typifying Christian virtue of love in his hero, Frodo Baggins, Tolkien significantly counts on Christian principles of male celibacy and hierarchy which were suggested and implemented by Augustine of Hippo. Augustine’s monastery is recreated in Tolkien’s fellowship of the ring and women appear to be marginalized to engage in marital, maternal duties within domestic or unrealistic ground and laymen are to remain provincial in Tolkien’s highly hierarchical Middle-earth. In The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien surely has embraced the value of universal Christian love so profoundly that he seems to have been successfully accepted as a thoroughgoing christian pacifist through this work. However, his belief in hierarchical dichotomy between men and women, celibate men and married men can be interpreted as an anti-universal consciousness which would make it impossible to conceive of The Lord of the Rings as a deliverer of God’s providence in its objectivity and permanency.
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