근대의 개막과 세계문학: 『돈 끼호떼』에 관하여
The Onset of Modernity and World Literature: On Don Quixote
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중요한 개념이 으레 그렇듯이 ‘세계문학’도 결코 자명하지 않다. 예컨대 『돈 끼호떼』가 근대라는 새로운 시대를 여는 서구 최초의 세계문학이라는 루카치의 문장만 해도 간단치 않은 비평적 해명을 요청한다. 이 요청은 『돈 끼호떼』의 보편성에 관한 탐구를 전제한다. 그같은 탐구에 관한 한, 이 장편의 ‘현재성’이 구체적으로 어떤 성격인가를 밝히고 그 ‘오래된 새로움’의 형용모순을 제대로 논하는 작업이 반드시 따라야 한다. 하지만 『돈 끼호떼』의 보편성을 자명한 것이 아니라 심문해야 할 ‘문제’로 설정한다는 점에서 본고는 서양 학계의 주류 연구와 일정한 거리를 둔다. 국지적 현실에서 검증받지 못한 보편성은 그 자체로 허구요 허위의식의 산물임을 작품의 구체적인 읽기로써 천착하겠다는 취지다. 이런 문제의식에 근거하여 본고는 ① 『돈 끼호떼』의 기발한 서사형식과 그 내용적 함의를 살펴보면서 ② 기독교중심주의와 타협하면서도 그 허위의식을 절묘하게 감추고 드러내는 타자들의 재현 양상을 파악하고 ③ 『돈 끼호떼』가 어떤 의미에서 공허한 세계주의 및 편협한 민족주의와 차원을 달리하는가를 분석한다. 즐거움과 배움이라는 이상을 창의적인 방식으로 탐색하고 근대의 개막에 수반된 온갖 병폐에 대한 경고를 서사실험으로 발한 『돈 끼호떼』야말로 ‘괴테･맑스적 기획으로서의 세계문학’에 값하는 최초의 선례인 동시에 근대 서구장편소설의 ‘원류’에 비견할 만하다는 것이 본고의 핵심 논지다.
Abstract
Unlike the controversial fuzziness of modernity, the general conception of world literature seems to be self-evident, with it being perceived by the reading public as follows: in every possible aspect, there is undeniable universality in world literature. However, the aim of this paper is not confined to the refutation of the Canonnism mentioned above. Instead, through analytical reading of the sui generis narrative form embodied through the voice of Benengeli, “the first author” of Don Quixote and its attendant evaluation of the two symptomatic episodes, “the captive narrative” and “the expulsion narrative,” this paper puts forward following thesis that Don Quixote, partially contaminated by Eurocentrism exemplifies the Goethe/Marxian project of world literature while opening up a path out of Godridden world view and prefiguring ironically one of the archetypal adventure of modern subjects. Besides numerous creative digressions that lead the readership to anticipate the development of modern novel in general, the double face of Don Quixote and its corresponding character, Sanzo Panza, wonderfully vitalize the potential of the Bildung. Furthermore, Don Quixote as ‘an entertaining novel’ sends modern readers a warning signal, which is that we will not possibly pioneer the way into a new horizon of humanity unless we wisely confront the commercial force that prevails in literary world symbolized by a forgery of Don Quixote, the one by Avellaneda.
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