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제7차 교육과정중국어과‘ 기본어휘표’ 제시의문제점과개선방안: 단어의重義性고찰을중심으로

Problems of ‘Basic Vocabulary Table’ of Chinese Education Presented under the 7th Curriculum and the Solutions: Focusing on Ambiguity of Words.

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本论文,以第7次教育课程基本词汇(以下简称‘基本词汇’)的歧义性为中心,对‘基 本词汇表’提示上的问题进行研究。根据上述的内容,本研究得出如下的结论:第 一,基本词汇根据义项的多少或意义之间的联系可分单义词、多义词与同音词。在 795个基本词汇当中,单义词以269个占33.8%,多义词以436个占54.9%,同 音词以90个占11.3%。第二,以‘基本词汇表’里的多义词、同音词为中心,本研究 从三种高中汉语教材(副民、正进、SISAⅠ․Ⅱ,共计6册)中抽出它们在各个教 材中的意义和用法。结果,在三种高中汉语教材中,具有歧义性的多义词以112个 占25.7%,同音词以16个占17.8%。第三,本研究以在三种高中汉语教材中,具 有歧义性的多义词为中心,把它从义项的数目、词性的数目、单音节多义词与多音 节多义词的比例、实词与虚词的比例四个角度来加以分析。主要内容如下:1)对 义项的数目来说,从两个到九个义项被反映在三种高中汉语教材中。具体数目为:两个义项以67个占59.8%,三个义项27个占24.1%,四个义项12个占10.7%,5 个以上的义项以6个占5.4%。2)对词性的数目来说,从一个到四个词性被反映在 三种高中汉语教材中。具体数目为:一个词性以71个占63.4%,两个词性以37个 占33%,三个以上的词性以4个占3.6%。3)对单音节多义词与多音节多义词的比 例来说,单音节多义词以85个占75.9%,多音节多义词以27个占24.1%,可见 在具有歧义性的多义词当中,单音节多义词占优势。4)对实词与虚词的比例来 说,实词多义词以78个占69.6%,虚词多义词以17个占15.2%,共有实词与虚 词的特点的多义词以17个占15.2%。第四,本研究以在3种高中汉语教材,具有歧义性的同音词为中心,考察它们的特点。因为同音词是语言形式相同而意义之间 并没有联系的一组词。所以实际上,在3种教材里,具有歧义性的16个同音词是32个 不同的词。而且其中的有些词共有多义词和同音词的特点。为改善这种问题,在选 定基本词汇时,应该考虑每个词的意义与功能. 通过以上的考察,本论文对‘基本 词汇表’提示上的原则,提出下面的几个建议。第一,扩大基本词汇量,而限定每 个词的意义和用法。第二,通过标注词性,限定词的意义和用法。第三,采用 例文,把每个词的意义和用法反映在其中。第四,在把基本词汇反映在各个教材时,应该按照使用什么义项,标注什么义项,使用什么词性,标注什么词性的原则确定每个词在教材中的具体用列。‘基本词汇表’是在编写教材、讲课、测验时提供一定的标准,所以它应该按照科学的方式制定而排除词的歧义性。笔者认为,通过限定基本词汇的意义和用法,不但会解决基本词汇所具有的歧义性,而且会实现教育内容与水平的规范化。

Abstract

This paper explores the problems of the ‘Basic Vocabulary Table’ and suggests solutions for the ambiguity of the Basic Vocabulary Table of Chinese presented under the 7th Curriculum. Upon analyzing the meaning and usage of polysemys and homonyms in 3 types of textbooks, 112 polysemys were used ambiguously, which accounted for 25.7% of all, while homonyms were 16 at 17.8%. The study analyzed each ploysemy, according to number of semantic items and parts of speech, proportion of monosyllabic and polysyllabic polysemys, and ratio of full and empty forms. Although all homonyms were identical in form, they had no semantic connection. The 16 homonyms ambiguously used in the 3 types of textbooks were, 32 different words. Moreover, some shared characteristics of both homonym and polysemy. Therefore when selecting basic vocabulary, it is necessary to consider all aspects of a word such as form, meaning, and function. This study proposes the following solutions concerning the Basic Vocabulary Table: 1) to increase the number of basic vocabulary and limit meaning and usage of each word; 2) to impose a constrainton the meaning and usage of a word, by adding parts of speech to the table; 3) to reflect meaning and usage of a word through example sentences; and 4) tomake sure to mark used semantic items and parts of speech only, in vocabulary lists of a textbook, when incorporating basic vocabulary into a textbook.

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