The Less You Earn, the More You Spend on Commuting? Sifting out Inequity in Mobility from Regional Factors
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The spatial mismatch hypothesis suggests that job opportunities for underprivileged people tend to be located far from their homes (Kain, 1968), implying inequity in transportation. This explains why while low-income workers are stuck in the inner city, new jobs are created in the suburbs owing to decentralization, limiting their accessibility to jobs. However, in Korea, the rapid urbanization and redevelopment process has created a fragmented urban landscape in which some parts of a city still have job centers mixed with low-income households. In contrast, other regions have experienced new job centers and the rich displacing the poor from the center to the fringe. As this variation in spatial structure is not fully considered, empirical studies have obtained ambiguous results on the relationship between income and commuting, unlike the clear message of the theory. This study investigated regional- and personal-level commuting time determinants in Seoul. Hence, we employed a multilevel regression model that estimates workers’ commuting time on both personal- and regional-level factors and their interactions using the Household Travel Survey in Korea. The empirical results confirm that commuting time is determined by commuters’ personal factors and interaction with regional attributes. Commuters’ high income reduces commuting time, which is consistent with theory, but the results vary depending on regional characteristics. In addition, we confirmed that commuting behavior depends significantly on the regional attributes of commuting destinations. These results have policy implications for achieving social equity in terms of the transportation and spatial structure of the city.
Abstract
The spatial mismatch hypothesis suggests that job opportunities for underprivileged people tend to be located far from their homes (Kain, 1968), implying inequity in transportation. This explains why while low-income workers are stuck in the inner city, new jobs are created in the suburbs owing to decentralization, limiting their accessibility to jobs. However, in Korea, the rapid urbanization and redevelopment process has created a fragmented urban landscape in which some parts of a city still have job centers mixed with low-income households. In contrast, other regions have experienced new job centers and the rich displacing the poor from the center to the fringe. As this variation in spatial structure is not fully considered, empirical studies have obtained ambiguous results on the relationship between income and commuting, unlike the clear message of the theory. This study investigated regional- and personal-level commuting time determinants in Seoul. Hence, we employed a multilevel regression model that estimates workers’ commuting time on both personal- and regional-level factors and their interactions using the Household Travel Survey in Korea. The empirical results confirm that commuting time is determined by commuters’ personal factors and interaction with regional attributes. Commuters’ high income reduces commuting time, which is consistent with theory, but the results vary depending on regional characteristics. In addition, we confirmed that commuting behavior depends significantly on the regional attributes of commuting destinations. These results have policy implications for achieving social equity in terms of the transportation and spatial structure of the city.
참고문헌 (39)
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