崔晛의 <朝天日錄>에 나타난 의례관련 사실들과 그 의미

Abstract

Choi, Hyeon’s Jocheon-illok(朝天日錄) is an envoy journal recording the participation as a government official in the winter envoy march for the Emperor Shenzong(神宗, 萬曆帝, Wanli) of the Ming Dynasty, in the enthronement year of Gwanghaegun(光海君). In this envoy march, Choi, Hyeon performed a big position of government official at the age of 46. His Jocheon-illok(朝天日錄) contains the contents about all sorts of objects or problems related to system, policy, society, custom, and people’s livelihood viewed in Ming. Regarding the ritual of the Joseon Dynasty shown in Choi, Hyeon’s Jocheon-illok(朝天日錄), the baepyo ritual(拜表禮) which was one of the diplomatic policies close to Ming was simply performed without the king due to the national mourning of King Seonjo(宣祖). The farewell party(餞別宴) included the national feast provided by the king, and the ancestral rite at the shrine of Kijain(箕子墓) in Pyeongyang(平壤). It was the official farewell(餞別宴) party provided by a local governor in Eulmildae(乙密臺). Not only as a gateway to cross the border, but also as the first path to enter Joseon, Uiju(義州) was the place where the farewell party(餞別宴) was held. Regarding the ritual of the Ming Dynasty shown in Choi, Hyeon’s Jocheon-illok(朝天日錄), the greeting ritual was performed for Liaodongdusi(遼東都司) and Buchongbyeong(副總兵) at Hoewongwan(government office for envoy, 懷遠館), and also for Jedokjusa(提督主司) at Hoedonggwan(government office for envoy, 懷東館). Choi, Hyeon aimed to inform the pervading corruption of China by fully listing the bribe goods/quantity and official rank/name of Ming’s government officials who offered them at Hoewongwan(懷遠館). When passing Hoewongwan(懷遠館), Choi, Hyeon’s party sometimes was freed from greeting ritual while the private feast for envoy was exempt due to the national mourning of King Seonjo(宣祖). Choi, Hyeon’s party greeted the emperor with five times of deep bow and three times of light bow(五拜三叩頭禮) outside of O-mun(午門) of Forbidden City(紫禁城) in Beijing, and also visited and greeted Yebusangseo(禮部上書). Also, Choi, Hyeon’s party attended the winter ceremonial ritual(冬至賀禮) at Forbidden City(紫禁城), by following two times of ritual practice in Jocheongung(朝天宮) The farewell party was a feast provided by Pyoryudangin(漂流唐人) in Hoewongwan(懷遠館). As a feast for Choi, Hyeon’s party who was about to go back to Joseon after completing the duties in Sanhaegwan(山海關), they were all private feasts. And there was a case of hearing and recording the news about official farewell party from the Ming’s royal court. The greeting ritual shown in Choi, Hyeon’s Jocheon-illok(朝天日錄) was one of the joyous ceremonies in the position of Joseon. In the position of Ming, Joseon was one of the envoys from many countries, so that the courtesy related to the ritual for receiving guests was conducted. The period when Choi, Hyeon lived was the age of ritual studies filled with the funeral rites system of Confucian ritualism. Therefore, no one thought that a single person who obeyed the Confucian funeral rites and ancestral rites would mean that everyone in the central position would obey the Confucian funeral and ancestral rites. It was criticized that the old custom was collapsed because the parents’ funerals were not fully obeyed regardless of position and wealth. The funeral rites and ancestral rites shown in Jocheon-illok(朝天日錄) were the acts out of the courtesy standard in Choi, Hyeon’s opinion. Choi, Hyeon’s courtesy standard was the courtesy under the Classic of Rites(禮記) and Confucian Ritualism(朱子家禮) As they were the acts out of this standard, they were regarded as non-courtesy.