天台止觀과 淨土念佛 수행방식 고찰 - 중국 초기 習禪을 토대로 -

Abstract

This article purports to compare the Tientai Chan practice ofconcentration and Insight (止觀) and the Pure Land practice of meditationconcentrating on Buddhas (念佛), through analyzing concrete examples ofChan practice in the early Chinese Buddhism, which are delineated in thebiographies of the Gaosengzhuan (高僧傳) and the Xu-Gaosengzhuan (續高僧傳). In comparison of the practice styles by Tientai Zhiyi (天台智顗,538-597) and Pure Land Order, Tientai appears to have completed aorganic system of practice by synthesizing previous styles of practicingChan, meditations concentrating on Buddhas (念佛), Mahayana practiceof repentance, and methods of observing one’s own mind, while PureLand Order appears to have progressed toward the unification of thestyles of meditating Buddhas by the practical path of easy and popularpractice by vocalizing the names of the Buddhas in the meditationconcentrating on Buddhas (稱名念佛). While Zhiyi, in addition, appearsto have utilized many Mahayana scriptures in systematizing these Chanpractices, the Pure Land Style of meditating Buddhas appears to have beenon the basis of the three major scriptures of the Pure Land Order. Further, the Tientati method of Chan practice appears to have beenutilized rather as a method for observing one’s own mind than as theultimate objective in itself, while the easy path of practice (易行道) throughvocalizing the Amitabha Buddha in the Pure Land Order appears to havebeen regarded as the means for rebirth in the Pure Land. This practiceof the Pure Land Order came to influence widely on both clerical andlay people, spreading across time and space, through its centrality onconcentration and simple pureness, while the Tientai Chan practice ofconcentration and Insight (止觀), as the inclusive system through thesynthesis of every styles, came to influence on every subsequent aspect ofChan and Pure Land Buddhism as its combinatory elements.