원효 윤리의 공리주의적 ‘해석 가능성’ 검토 ‒ 헤어(R. M. Hare)의 ‘두 수준 공리주의(Two-level Utilitarianism)’의 적용을 중심(中心)으로 ‒

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the character of Buddhist ethics - especially Wonhyo’s Ethics - using the methodology of R. M. Hare’s “two-level utilitarianism”. Hare classifies moral thinking into two levels: the intuitive level and the critical level. He claimed that utilitarianism can be supported by comprehending the relationship between these two levels. If intuitive thinking applies to the moral judgements we make on a daily basis, critical thinking applies to critically reflecting on the principles, rules and inclination used for one’s intuitive moral thinking. These two levels are not opposed to or competing with each other [不二]; there is a separate role for each in the common system. According to Hare, the justification of moral judgement takes the form of the “Golden Rule” argument and is based on critical thinking. We can assume that his “Golden Rule” inference is inclined toward a preference for utilitarianism, which demands the consideration of the wants of all the people involved. Singer goes beyond this and proposes the principle of “equal consideration of interests”. This claims that in moral judgement, the interests of all those who will be affected by our actions should be equally considered, and he expands the term “those affected” to include both animals and humans. The sentience that is able to feel pain is the sole factor that becomes the standard point when considering the interests of others. The “Ethics of Compassion” that Mahāyāna Buddhism seeks, including Wonhyo, is based on the consciousness of the happiness and, more importantly, the pain of others. As with utilitarianism, regardless of the species of being involved, the ability to feel pain is considered as top-priority in making moral judgements. Therefore, compassion for all sentient beings is the most fundamental attitude people should have.