선불교로 본 트랜스휴머니즘
Chan Buddhism on Transhumanism
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트랜스휴머니즘(Transhumanism)은 기술 발전과 더불어 부상한 현대사상으로, 현대인을 재정의한다는 점에서 종교와도 연관성을 가지며 종교학계의 논의 역시 시작되었다. 특히 서구에서는 불교가 과학과 양립한다는 인식에서 여러 트랜스휴머니스트들 역시 불교에 주목하고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 트랜스휴머니즘과 관련된 기술 및 주요 경향, 불교 트랜스휴머니즘 연구를 소개하고, 고려 나옹 혜근(懶翁惠勤, 1320-1376)의 사상을 중심으로 트랜스휴머니즘의 핵심 개념인 ‘향상(enhancement)’과 ‘불멸(immortality)’을 비판적으로 고찰하고자 한다. 트랜스휴머니즘은 인간의 신체적‧심리적 조건이 나아지는 현상을 향상으로 보고, 기술이 인간 사회를 향상할 수 있으며, 그러한 방향을 모색해야 한다고 주장한다. 그러나 나옹은 인간의 모든 조건은 임시적이며 불성과 이에 대한 깨달음은 모두에게 내재해 있기에 조건에 매이지 말 것을 권한다. 또한 트랜스휴머니즘은 기술을 통하여 언젠가 인간의 심신이 멸하지 않는 불멸의 상태에 이를 수 있다고 본다. 그러나 이는 개인을 자기(self)로 보는 서양의 인간관을 바탕으로 한다. 나옹에게 불생불멸은 불성(佛性)의 특성으로 찾거나 구할 필요 없이 모두에게 내재해 있는 것이다. 따라서 트랜스휴머니즘과 나옹의 선 사상은 인간과 세상에 대해 전제와 해석에서 큰 차이를 보인다.
Abstract
Transhumanism is a modern ideology that has emerged alongside technological advancements. It shares some associations with religion in that it aims to redefine modern human beings, so discussions within the field of religious studies have also begun. In particular, in the Western context, there is a perception that Buddhism is compatible with science, and many transhumanists are also paying attention to Buddhism. This research aims to introduce the technologies and major trends related to transhumanism, as well as explore the study of Buddhist transhumanism. Also, it seeks to critically examine the concepts of 'enhancement' and 'immortality,' which are core concepts of transhumanism, with a focus on Seon thoughts of Korean monk Naong Hyegeun (1320- 1376). Transhumanism sees the improvement of human physical and psychological conditions as enhancement and argues that technology can enhance human society, advocating the exploration of such possibilities. However, Naong suggests that all human conditions are impermanent and emphasizes that enlightenment regarding impermanence is inherent in everyone, advising against attachment to conditions. Furthermore, transhumanism envisions that through technology, human beings can eventually reach an immortal state where their body and mind are preserved indefinitely. However, this perspective is based on the Western concept of viewing the individual as a self. On the other hand, Naong believes that the attainment of immortality is inherent in everyone as a characteristic of Buddha-nature, without the need to seek or find it. Therefore, transhumanism and Naong's Seon thoughts exhibit significant differences in their premises and interpretations regarding human beings and the world.
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